Copyright © 2022 Apple Inc. All rights reserved. This document may be reproduced and distributed only in its original entirety without revision. Strong Customer Authentication for Apple Pay on MacBook Air 2020 with M1 running macOS Big Sur 11.3.1 Security Target Version 1.6 April 15, 2022 Apple One Apple Park Way Cupertino, CA 95014 Strong Customer Authentication for Apple Pay MacBook Air 2020 with M1 running macOS Big Sur 11.3.1 Security Target Copyright © 2022 Apple Inc. All rights reserved. This document may be reproduced and distributed only in its original entirety without revision Page 2 Table of Contents 1. Introduction ........................................................................................................................................4 1.1. Purpose.............................................................................................................................. 4 1.2. Abbreviations ..................................................................................................................... 4 2. ST Introduction...................................................................................................................................5 2.1. Target of Evaluation Reference.............................................................................................5 2.2. TOE Guidance..................................................................................................................... 6 2.3. TOE Overview ..................................................................................................................... 6 2.4. Description of the Apple Pay Service ....................................................................................7 2.5. TOE Use Cases .................................................................................................................. 12 2.6. TOE Architecture ...............................................................................................................13 3. Evaluation Assurance.......................................................................................................................17 3.1. Common Criteria Reference ............................................................................................... 17 3.2. CC Conformance claim....................................................................................................... 17 3.3. Protection Profile Conformance claim................................................................................. 17 3.4. Assurance Level ................................................................................................................ 17 4. Security Problem Definition.............................................................................................................19 4.1. Assets...............................................................................................................................19 4.2. Subjects........................................................................................................................... 20 4.3. Assumptions .................................................................................................................... 20 4.4. Threat Agents.................................................................................................................... 21 4.5. Threats.............................................................................................................................. 21 4.6. Organizational Security Policies .........................................................................................23 5. Security Objectives............................................................................................................................24 5.1. Security Objectives for the TOE......................................................................................... 24 5.2. Security Objectives for the environment.............................................................................25 5.3. Rationale of the Security objectives for the security problem definition ...............................26 6. Security Functional Requirements ..................................................................................................30 6.1. SFR supporting definitions ................................................................................................ 30 6.2. Identification and authentication........................................................................................31 6.3. Access/Flow Control SFRs ................................................................................................ 33 6.4. Secure Enclave/Secure Element Trusted Channel .............................................................. 36 6.5. Secure Enclave/Apple Watch Trusted Channel................................................................... 36 6.6. Local data protection .........................................................................................................37 6.7. TSF management...............................................................................................................37 Strong Customer Authentication for Apple Pay MacBook Air 2020 with M1 running macOS Big Sur 11.3.1 Security Target Copyright © 2022 Apple Inc. All rights reserved. This document may be reproduced and distributed only in its original entirety without revision Page 3 6.8. Security Requirements Rationale....................................................................................... 39 7. TOE Summary Specification............................................................................................................43 7.1. SF User authentication and management........................................................................... 43 7.2. SF Biometric/Secure Enclave secure channel..................................................................... 46 7.3. SF Secure Enclave/Secure Element secure channel............................................................ 46 7.4. SF Secure Enclave/Watch secure channel.......................................................................... 46 7.5. SF Card Data management .................................................................................................47 7.6. SF Payment management...................................................................................................47 7.7. SF OS Update ................................................................................................................... 48 7.8. SF iCloud logout & disk erase ............................................................................................ 48 Strong Customer Authentication for Apple Pay MacBook Air 2020 with M1 running macOS Big Sur 11.3.1 Security Target Copyright © 2022 Apple Inc. All rights reserved. This document may be reproduced and distributed only in its original entirety without revision Page 4 1. Introduction 1.1. Purpose The purpose of this document is to define the Target of Evaluation for meeting the requirements of Di- rective (EU) 2015/2366 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 25 November 2015 on payment services in the internal market (PSD2) and the Commission Delegated Regulation (EU) 2018/389 of 27 November 2017, focusing on Strong Customer Authentication and Dynamic Linking for Apple Pay. 1.2. Abbreviations Abbreviation Meaning AP Application Processor API Application Programming Interface AR Authorization Random CL Contactless CRS Contactless Registry Service CVV Card Verification Value HSM Hardware Security Module I/O Input / Output MAC Message Authentication Code NFC Near Field Communication OS Operating System PNO Payment Network Operator PSD2 Directive (EU) 2015/2366 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 25 November 2015 SCA Strong Customer Authentication SIP System Integrity Protection SKS Secure Key Store SSE An application in the Secure Enclave managing the pairing between the Secure Enclave and the Secure Element TSM Trusted Service Manager TSP Token Service Provider UID Unique Identifier Strong Customer Authentication for Apple Pay MacBook Air 2020 with M1 running macOS Big Sur 11.3.1 Security Target Copyright © 2022 Apple Inc. All rights reserved. This document may be reproduced and distributed only in its original entirety without revision Page 5 2.ST Introduction 2.1. Target of Evaluation Reference This Security Target is identified with the following information: Security Target identifiers Title Strong Customer Authentication for Apple Pay, on MacBook Air 2020 with M1 running macOS Big Sur 11.3.1, Security Target Version 1.6 Date April 15, 2022 Developer Apple Inc. The TOE platform is a MacBook Air 2020 with M1 running macOS Big Sur 11.3.1, with the following plat- form identifiers: Platform identifiers TOE MacBook Air 2020 with M1 running macOS Big Sur 11.3.1 Device Model: MacBook Air 2020 Operating System macOS Big Sur 11.3.1 (Build 20E241) Developer Apple Inc. The TOE consists of a range of hardware and software components as listed below. Note that all com- ponents are developed by Apple. TOE Component Version Description Apple Pay App (Wallet) App part of macOS 11.3.1 Authentication policy on data and services In-app transaction data management Application Processor (AP) M1 Authentication policy on data and services Transaction data management Biometric Sensor (Touch ID) Gen 3 Sensor for fingerprint capture Boot Loader macOS Big Sur 11.3.1 (20E241) Allows the device to start and boot the operating system Strong Customer Authentication for Apple Pay MacBook Air 2020 with M1 running macOS Big Sur 11.3.1 Security Target Copyright © 2022 Apple Inc. All rights reserved. This document may be reproduced and distributed only in its original entirety without revision Page 6 TOE Component Version Description Secure Enclave sepOS part of macOS Big Sur 11.3.1 Authentication Setup: • Enrollment of the authentication material • User authentication verification Authentication Prover: • Password verification • Biometrics matching • Authentication policy on data macOS Platform Device operating system platform (macOS Big Sur 11.3.1 (20E241)) with the fol- lowing Apple Pay services that are included in the TOE: ! Console macOS Big Sur 11.3.1 (20E241) Provides the functionality for input/output (I/O) ! Logind macOS Big Sur 11.3.1 (20E241) Provides functionality for managing user logins and sessions ! NFCd macOS Big Sur 11.3.1 (20E241) Provides communication layer between the TOE and the Se- cure Element ! Safari macOS Big Sur 11.3.1 (20E241) Browser ! System Prefer- ences macOS Big Sur 11.3.1 (20E241) Allows the user to indicate their preferred system preferences for the device, operating system and applications. The Secure Element of the device is out of scope of this evaluation. Note: In the evaluated configuration the cryptographic modules are supplied by Apple as part of macOS and sepOS. Readers may draw some assurance from the conformance to FIPS 140-2 certified by the Cryptographic Module Validation Program for corecrypto for each major release (Apple corecrypto User Space Module, Apple corecrypto Kernel Space Module and the Apple Secure Key Store Cryptographic Module). Additionally, readers should note that the browser, Safari, is evaluated for each major macOS release using the collaborative PP (cPP); Protection Profile for Application Software Version 1.3. 2.2. TOE Guidance References to the TOE guidance document: Apple Pay Guidance Strong Customer Authentication for Apple Pay on MacBook Air 2020 with M1 running macOS Big Sur 11.3.1: Guidance [AGD] Guidance, version 1.3 2.3. TOE Overview The TOE includes the components implementing Strong Customer Authentication and Dynamic Linking in Apple Pay. The TOE is the MacBook Air 2020 with M1 running macOS Big Sur 11.3.1 operating system. The operating system, macOS Big Sur 11.3.1, manages the device hardware, provides Apple Pay func- tionalities, and provides the technologies required to enforce Strong Customer Authentication (SCA) and Dynamic Linking for Apple Pay e-commerce payments. Dynamic Linking for a transaction is the link be- tween the authentication code generated upon successful SCA, with both the transaction!s original spe- cific amount and the identity of the payee. Strong Customer Authentication for Apple Pay MacBook Air 2020 with M1 running macOS Big Sur 11.3.1 Security Target Copyright © 2022 Apple Inc. All rights reserved. This document may be reproduced and distributed only in its original entirety without revision Page 7 macOS Big Sur 11.3.1 provides a consistent set of capabilities allowing the supervision of enrolled de- vices. This includes the preparation of devices for deployment, the subsequent management of the de- vices, and the termination of management. The TOE platform protects itself by having its own code and data protected from unauthorized access (using hardware provided memory protection features), by securing user and TOE Security Functionality (TSF) data, by ensuring the integrity and authenticity of TSF updates and downloaded applications, and by locking the TOE upon user request or after a defined time of user inactivity. The TOE provides protection of data at rest and access control mechanisms for use by applications. Access control for data and services, including Apple Pay, rely on the enforcement of user authentica- tion. User authentication on an enrolled device is provided by a user-defined password and user enrolled biometrics. The minimum length of the password, password rules, and the maximum number of consec- utive failed authentication attempts is statically set by Apple for each macOS release. Biometrics are enrolled and managed by the user. Up to 5 fingerprints can be enrolled on a single TOE by the user. For greater convenience when using multiple Apple devices, some devices can automatically unlock oth- ers in certain situations. For this security target, the considered usage is: A Mac can be unlocked by an Apple Watch. This can be enabled by the user with “Auto Unlock with Apple Watch” setting in the Sys- tem Preferences. When Auto Unlock with Apple Watch is enabled, a MacBook running macOS High Sierra or later can be unlocked using a paired Apple Watch Series 3 or later. The user can also use their Apple Watch to ap- prove other requests to enter their administrator password. The Secure Enclave is responsible for ensuring user authorization (the combination of user authentica- tion and user intent) before a payment is made. The TOE relies on its environment to perform Apple Pay transactions; the transaction data is always processed by the Secure Element, which is outside the TOE boundary. The Secure Element only allows a payment to be made after it receives authorization from the Secure Enclave. For each transaction, the Secure Element utilizes the payment applets to generate a payment cryptogram. This cryptogram and the Device Account Number form a transaction-specific dynamic security code, which is provided to the payment network and the card issuer, allowing them to verify each transaction. 2.4. Description of the Apple Pay Service 2.4.1.Card provisioning When a user adds a credit, debit, or prepaid card (including store cards) to Apple Wallet, the device encrypts the card information and securely sends it, along with other information about the user!s ac- count and device, through Apple Pay servers to the card issuer or the card issuer!s authorized service provider. Using this information, the card issuer (or their service provider) will determine whether to ap- prove adding the card to Apple Wallet. Apple Pay uses three server-side calls to send and receive communication with the card issuer or net- work as part of the card provisioning process: Required Fields, Check Card, and Link and Provision. The card issuer or network uses these calls to verify, approve, and add cards to Apple Wallet. These client- server sessions are protected for confidentiality and integrity using TLS protocol. Strong Customer Authentication for Apple Pay MacBook Air 2020 with M1 running macOS Big Sur 11.3.1 Security Target Copyright © 2022 Apple Inc. All rights reserved. This document may be reproduced and distributed only in its original entirety without revision Page 8 The full card numbers are never stored on the device or on Apple servers. Instead, a unique Device Ac- count Number is created, encrypted, and then stored in the Secure Element. This unique Device Account Number is encrypted in such a way that Apple cannot access it. The Device Account Number is unique and different from usual credit or debit card numbers, the card issuer can prevent its use on a magnetic stripe card, over the phone, or on websites. The Device Account Number located in the Secure Element is isolated from the TOE, never stored on Apple servers, and never backed up to iCloud. 2.4.1.1.Adding a credit or debit card manually to Apple Pay To add a card manually, the name, card number, expiration date, and card verification value (CVV) are used to facilitate the provisioning process. From within System Preferences, the Wallet app, or the Apple Watch app, users can enter that information by typing or using the camera on the device. When the user uses the camera to capture the card information, Apple Wallet attempts to populate the name, card number, and expiration date. The photo is never saved to the device nor stored in the photo library. When the camera is used, the user still needs to enter the CVV. After all the fields are filled in, the Check Card process verifies the fields other than the CVV. They are encrypted and sent to the Apple Pay Server. If a terms and conditions ID is returned with the Check Card process, Apple downloads and displays the terms and conditions of the card issuer to the user. If the user accepts the terms and conditions, Apple sends the ID of the terms that were accepted as well as the CVV to the Link and Provision process. 2.4.1.2.Adding credit or debit cards from an iTunes Store account to Apple Pay For a credit or debit card on file with iTunes, the user may be required to re-enter their Apple ID pass- word. The card number is retrieved from iTunes and the Check Card process is initiated. If the card is eligible for Apple Pay, the Apple Wallet application will download and display terms and conditions, then send along the term!s ID and the card security code to the Link and Provision process. Additional verifi- cation may occur for iTunes account cards on file. 2.4.1.3.Adding credit or debit cards from a card issuer’s website Some card issuers may also support provisioning on their websites under certain circumstances. The user can use the “Sign in with Apple” function to select an eligible device associated with their Apple ID account to provision to. The provisioning flow is similar to that used for the other methods of adding cards. 2.4.1.4.Additional verification A card issuer can decide whether a credit or debit card requires additional verification. Depending on what is offered by the card issuer, the user may be able to choose between different options for addi- tional verification, such as a text message, email, or customer service call to complete the verification. For text messages or email, the user selects from contact information the issuer has on file. A code will be sent, which must be entered into System Preferences, the Wallet app, or the Apple Watch app. For customer service, the issuer performs their own communication process. 2.4.2.Payment authorization The Secure Element will only allow a payment to be made after it receives authorization from the Secure Enclave. Authorization includes confirming that the user has authenticated with Touch ID or the device password and double-press the Touch ID sensor. Touch ID is the default method if available, but the Strong Customer Authentication for Apple Pay MacBook Air 2020 with M1 running macOS Big Sur 11.3.1 Security Target Copyright © 2022 Apple Inc. All rights reserved. This document may be reproduced and distributed only in its original entirety without revision Page 9 password can be used at any time. A password is automatically offered after three unsuccessful at- tempts to match a fingerprint; after five unsuccessful attempts, the password is required. A password is also required when Touch ID is not configured or not enabled for Apple Pay. 2.4.2.1.Using a shared pairing key Communication between the Secure Enclave and the Secure Element takes place over a serial interface, with the Secure Element connected to the Near Field Communication (NFC) controller, which in turn is connected to the Application Processor. Although not directly connected, the Secure Enclave and the Secure Element can communicate securely using a shared pairing key that is provisioned during the manufacturing process. The pairing key is generated inside the Secure Enclave from the device's unique identifier (UID) key and the Secure Element unique identifier. The pairing key is then securely transferred from the Secure Enclave to a hardware security module (HSM) in the factory, which has the key material required to then inject the pairing key into the Secure Element. Authentication of the communication between the Secure Enclave and Secure Element is based on AES and utilizes a MAC-specific key de- rived from the shared pairing key. The Secure Enclave and Secure Element use this MAC-specific key to generate and verify the card cryptogram and host MAC to establish mutual authentication. The Secure Enclave initiates this process by sending a host challenge to the Secure Element. The Secure Element responds with the card challenge and card cryptogram, which the Secure Enclave uses to authenticate it. The Secure Enclave then includes a host MAC along with the transaction and authentication details as described below. The Secure Element uses the host MAC to authenticate the Secure Enclave before continuing with processing of the transaction. 2.4.2.2.Authorizing a secure transaction When the user authorizes a transaction, the Secure Enclave sends signed data about the type of authen- tication and details about the type of transaction (contactless or e-Commerce) to the Secure Element, tied to an Authorization Random (AR) value. The AR is generated in the Secure Enclave when a user first provisions a credit card and persists while Apple Pay is enabled, protected by the Secure Enclave's en- cryption and anti-rollback mechanism. It is securely delivered to the Secure Element through the pairing key. On receipt of a new AR value, the Secure Element marks any previously added cards as deleted. Using the pairing key and its copy of the current AR value, the Secure Element verifies the authorization received from the Secure Enclave before retrieving encrypted payment data from a payment applet for a contactless payment. This process also applies when retrieving encrypted payment data from a pay- ment applet for e-Commerce transactions. 2.4.2.3.Using a payment cryptogram for dynamic security Payment transactions originating from the payment applets include a payment cryptogram along with a Device Account Number. This cryptogram, a one-time code, is computed using a transaction counter and a key. The transaction counter is incremented for each new transaction. The key is provisioned in the payment applet during personalization and is known by the payment network and/or the card issuer. Depending on the payment scheme, other data may also be used in the calculation, including an Apple Pay server nonce. These security codes are provided to the payment network and to the card issuer, which allows the issuer to verify each transaction. The length of these security codes may vary based on the type of transaction. Strong Customer Authentication for Apple Pay MacBook Air 2020 with M1 running macOS Big Sur 11.3.1 Security Target Copyright © 2022 Apple Inc. All rights reserved. This document may be reproduced and distributed only in its original entirety without revision Page 10 2.4.3.Paying with cards using Apple Pay 2.4.3.1.Paying with cards at websites Apple Pay can be used to make payments at websites on iPhone, iPad, Apple Watch and Mac computers with Touch ID. Apple Pay transactions can also start on a Mac and be completed on an Apple Pay–ena- bled iPhone or Apple Watch using the same iCloud account. Apple Pay on the web requires that all participating websites register with Apple. After the domain is registered, domain name validation is performed only after Apple issues a TLS client certificate. Web- sites supporting Apple Pay are required to serve their content over HTTPS. For each payment transac- tion, websites need to obtain a secure and unique merchant session with an Apple server using the Ap- ple-issued TLS client certificate. Merchant session data is signed by Apple. After a merchant session signature is verified, a website may query whether the user has an Apple Pay–capable device and whether they have a credit, debit or prepaid card activated on the device. No other details are shared. If the user doesn’t want to share this information, they can disable Apple Pay queries in Safari privacy settings on iPhone, iPad and Mac devices. After a merchant session is validated, all security and privacy measures are the same as when a user pays within an app. If the user is transmitting payment-related information from a Mac to an iPhone or Apple Watch, Apple Pay Handoff uses the end-to-end encrypted Apple Identity Service (IDS) protocol to transmit payment- related information between the user’s Mac and the authorizing device. The IDS client on the Mac uses the user’s device keys to perform encryption so no other device can decrypt this information and the keys aren’t available to Apple. Device discovery for Apple Pay Handoff contains the type and unique identifier of the user’s credit cards along with some metadata. The device-specific account number of the user’s card isn’t shared and it continues to remain stored securely on the user’s iPhone or Apple Watch. Apple also securely transfers the user’s recently used contact, shipping and billing addresses over iCloud Keychain. After the user authorizes payment using Touch ID, Face ID, a passcode or double-clicking the side but- ton on Apple Watch, a payment token uniquely encrypted to each website’s merchant certificate is se- curely transmitted from the user’s iPhone or Apple Watch to their Mac and then delivered to the mer- chant’s website. Only devices in proximity to each other may request and complete payment. Proximity is determined through Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) advertisements. The Apple Pay Handoff feature is not in the scope of this Security Target. After the Handoff process, the transaction validation is ensured by the user’s iPhone or Apple Watch. The transaction validation is covered by the Security Target of the iPhone or the Apple Watch. 2.4.4.Rendering cards unusable with Apple Pay Credit, debit, and prepaid cards added to the Secure Element can only be used if the Secure Element is presented with authorization using the same pairing key and AR value from when the card was added. This allows macOS to instruct the Secure Enclave to render cards unusable by marking its copy of the AR as invalid under the following scenarios: • When the password is disabled • The user signs out of iCloud Strong Customer Authentication for Apple Pay MacBook Air 2020 with M1 running macOS Big Sur 11.3.1 Security Target Copyright © 2022 Apple Inc. All rights reserved. This document may be reproduced and distributed only in its original entirety without revision Page 11 • The user performs a disk erase • The device is restored from Recovery mode 2.4.4.1.Suspending, removing, and erasing cards Users can suspend Apple Pay on the device by placing their devices in Lost Mode using Find My. Users also have the ability to remove and erase their cards from Apple Pay using Find My, iCloud.com, or di- rectly on their devices using the Wallet app. The ability to make payments using cards on the device will be suspended or removed from Apple Pay by the card issuer or respective payment network, even if the device is offline and not connected to a cellular or Wi-Fi network. Users can also call their card issuer to suspend or remove cards from Apple Pay. Additionally, when a user erases the entire device - using disk erase, using Find My, or restoring their device - macOS will instruct the Secure Element to mark all cards as deleted. This has the effect of immediately changing the cards to an unusable state until the Apple Pay servers can be contacted to fully erase the cards from the Secure Element. Independently, the Secure Enclave marks the Authoriza- tion Random as invalid so that further payment authorizations for previously enrolled cards are not pos- sible. When the device is online, it attempts to contact the Apple Pay servers to ensure that all cards in the Secure Element are erased. 2.4.5.Apple Card 2.4.5.1.Apple Card application in the Wallet app Apple Card can be used with Apple Pay to make payments in stores, in apps and on the web. Apple Card is only available for qualifying applicants in the United States. To apply for Apple Card, the user must be signed into their iCloud account on an Apple Pay– compati- ble iOS or iPadOS device and have two-factor authentication set up on the iCloud account. When the application is approved, Apple Card is available in the Wallet app or within Settings (or System Prefer- ences)> Wallet & Apple Pay across any of the eligible devices the user has signed in with their Apple ID. When a user applies for Apple Card, user identity information is securely verified by Apple’s identity provider partners and then shared with Goldman Sachs Bank USA for the purposes of identity and credit evaluation. Information such as the social security number or ID document image provided during the application is securely transmitted to Apple’s identity provider partners and/or Goldman Sachs Bank USA encrypted with their respective keys. Apple cannot decrypt this data. The income information provided during the application, and the bank account information used for bill payments, are securely transmitted to Goldman Sachs Bank USA encrypted with their key. The bank account information is saved in Keychain. Apple cannot decrypt this data. When adding Apple Card to the Wallet app, the same information as when a user adds a credit or debit card may be shared with the Apple partner bank Goldman Sachs Bank USA and with Apple Payments Inc. This information is used only for troubleshooting, fraud prevention, and regulatory purposes. Strong Customer Authentication for Apple Pay MacBook Air 2020 with M1 running macOS Big Sur 11.3.1 Security Target Copyright © 2022 Apple Inc. All rights reserved. This document may be reproduced and distributed only in its original entirety without revision Page 12 A physical card can be ordered from Apple Card in the Wallet app. After the user receives the physical card, it’s activated using the NFC tag present in the bifold envelope of the physical card. The tag is unique per card and can’t be used to activate another user’s card. Alternatively, the card can be manually activated in the Wallet settings. Additionally, the user can also choose to lock or unlock the physical card at any time from the Wallet app. 2.4.6.Unlock with Apple Watch A MacBook running macOS High Sierra or later can be unlocked using a paired Apple Watch Series 3 or later. The user can also use their Apple Watch to approve other requests to enter their administrator password. This works anywhere the user needs to type their Mac password, such as when viewing pass- words in Safari preferences, unlocking a locked note, approving an app installation, or unlocking settings in System Preferences. The paired Apple Watch doesn't authenticate a user for use with Apple Pay. 2.5. TOE Use Cases The TOE covers the following use cases: Use Case Description UC.Device_Usage Device usage The User can manage the device’s authentication credentials, including enrolling new biometric templates, updating biometric templates, deleting biometric templates and changing the password. UC.OS_Update Device Software Update The User can perform an update of the software in the device to a new version. This use case requires that the user verifies the device’s password. This use case ensures preservation of the User settings on the device: - No change to the User’s authentication credentials (password or any biometrics) - No change to the User’s data within the Secure Element unless specified by the data’s issuer UC.Apple_Pay_In- stall_Init Apple Pay installation and initialization The User can provision a new card in Wallet app UC.Apple_Pay_Us- age Apple Pay usage The User can perform Apple Pay transactions. UC.End_Of_Ser- vice Termination by User The User can end the Apple Pay mode of operation by performing a card removal in Wallet. The User can also end all current Apple Pay services by un-registering their iCloud ac- count. Termination by Issuer The Issuer can perform a de-registration of an Apple Pay card that was provisioned on the User’s device, following a card revocation or a user account termination. UC.End_Of_Life Termination of device The User can clear a device from all their settings and data by performing a disk full erase. The User could also end the life of their device by physically destroying it. Strong Customer Authentication for Apple Pay MacBook Air 2020 with M1 running macOS Big Sur 11.3.1 Security Target Copyright © 2022 Apple Inc. All rights reserved. This document may be reproduced and distributed only in its original entirety without revision Page 13 2.6. TOE Architecture The TOE platform includes some hardware elements of the device and all the components of the device Platform that are relevant to strong customer authentication (SCA) and Apple Pay: The Secure Enclave within the System on a Chip (SoC) of the device, and the Application Processor (AP) with the OS are the main components of this TOE. The Secure Element is outside of the TOE boundaries. User authentication is managed by the Secure Enclave, which defines and enforces the user access policy to data and services. The AP allows the OS to process and the OS allows the Secure Enclave to get authentication material from the various sources (biometric sensors, and the console). macOS also allows the Apple Pay services to operate: it holds the Wallet app and relays data between the Secure Enclave and the Secure Element. The Secure Element is the secure component holding the Apple Pay secrets and processes the Apple Pay transactions. Strong Customer Authentication for Apple Pay MacBook Air 2020 with M1 running macOS Big Sur 11.3.1 Security Target Copyright © 2022 Apple Inc. All rights reserved. This document may be reproduced and distributed only in its original entirety without revision Page 14 This is highlighted in the following figure: Figure 1: TOE Components and subsystems 2.6.1.TOE Environment In this evaluation, the TOE environment includes the Secure Element (Hardware, Operating System, CRS applet and payment applets found in the Secure Element). The Secure Element, included in the device, is already evaluated to Common Criteria. The Secure Ele- ment is contained in the same package as the NFCC. Payment Applets in the Secure Element process Apple Pay transactions. The NFCC is not connected to any antenna and is thus not usable for NFC trans- actions. It is used only for communications between the TOE and the Secure Element. Strong Customer Authentication for Apple Pay MacBook Air 2020 with M1 running macOS Big Sur 11.3.1 Security Target Copyright © 2022 Apple Inc. All rights reserved. This document may be reproduced and distributed only in its original entirety without revision Page 15 All other components and subsystems of macOS including user space and kernel software, hardware and subsystems included in the device including the camera, networking subsystems and Apple Watch are considered part of the TOE environment. The camera is used as an input device for card data. The networking subsystem provides connectivity to the Apple Servers responsible for managing Apple Pay transactions and to the Apple Watch. The “Unlock with Apple Watch” feature relies on a secure pairing process and a secure unlock process. 2.6.2.Subsystems and Modules of the TOE This section further breaks down the TOE components, providing more detail on the subsystems of the TOE and the modules that comprise them. The subsystems of the TOE consist of: - Secure Enclave: The software components of the TOE residing in the Secure Enclave. This subsystem includes several applications executing on the Secure Enclave operating system. - BioApp which provides functionality for processing biometric data and generating bi- ometric templates. - The SKS (Secure Key Store) is a hardware cryptographic module. The module is em- bedded inside the Secure Enclave and packaged within the Application Processor. - The SSE (Secure Enclave-Secure Element) manages the pairing between the Secure Enclave and the Secure Element, allowing the Secure Element to process only genuine and authorized Apple Pay transactions. The SSE application maintains sensitive pair- ing material, allowing Secure Element and Secure Enclave to perform a mutual au- thentication before exchanging data. - AW: The Wallet app subsystem handles the enrollment of applications and governs the pay- ment operation. - macOS components: - Launchpad: Provides the functionality for the macOS user interface - NFCd: This daemon facilitates the communication between Apple Wallet and the Se- cure Element - Safari browser: Provides the user interface to conduct payment transactions - Security Framework: Provides cryptographic support - System Preferences application - Device components: - Touch ID sensor: This is the hardware component and associated drivers that allow fingerprints data to be captured and passed to BioApp for enrollment and matching - Boot-loader: This is the subsystem responsible for ensuring that the device boots us- ing software with assured integrity - Console: Hardware and associated drivers that handles user input via the keyboard, and displays output via the screen Strong Customer Authentication for Apple Pay MacBook Air 2020 with M1 running macOS Big Sur 11.3.1 Security Target Copyright © 2022 Apple Inc. All rights reserved. This document may be reproduced and distributed only in its original entirety without revision Page 16 All other macOS components are outside of the TOE, including the Secure Element together with the NFCC hardware, and the XNU macOS kernel. The macOS subsystem components are individual appli- cations. 2.6.3.TOE Lifecycle The TOE lifecycle phases are as follows: Lifecycle Phases Design HW/FW design SW design Secure Element Applet design Fabrication HW fabrication SW implementation Applet development Integration MacBook Air integration Assembly, Trust provisioning, FW integration, SW and applet loading Issuance Device delivery to User Initialization User account creation Account setup: iCloud, Apple ID Enrollment/ Provisioning User Authentication setup Password setup, biometrics enrollment Apple Pay provisioning Usage Device Usage Device unlock, User Authentication, macOS use, (optional) macOS update Apple Pay transaction Termination Physical destruction macOS recovery mode Apple Pay termination The Design, Fabrication and Integration phases are entirely within the control of Apple Inc. The Issuance phase is the physical delivery of the device to the User. This can be directly, in the case of an individual, or through a third party or an organization that is responsible for providing the device to the User. Apple’s model of the Initialization phase requires that the device is claimed by the User by associating it with the User’s iCloud account and Apple ID. Before that point, Strong User Authentication and associ- ated TSFs are not relevant, and Apple Pay is not accessible. Apple Pay services require that an iCloud account and user authentication credentials are setup (password and optionally biometrics). The Usage phase describes the period when the Apple Pay service is activated and used by the associ- ated User. The Termination phase describes deactivation of the Apple Pay service to the User and may involve physical destruction of the device, complete erase and recovery of macOS (macOS recovery mode), or Apple Pay service termination by the User. When the device is received, the model of the device should be verified to verify that the model number is one of those listed in Section 2.1. This can be accomplished using any of the following methods. " Physically checking the underside of the device " Once authenticated to the device the information is available to device users in the “About this Mac” overview, accessed from the Apple menu, or within the System Information app Strong Customer Authentication for Apple Pay MacBook Air 2020 with M1 running macOS Big Sur 11.3.1 Security Target Copyright © 2022 Apple Inc. All rights reserved. This document may be reproduced and distributed only in its original entirety without revision Page 17 3.Evaluation Assurance 3.1. Common Criteria Reference This Security Target is based on the following Common CriteriaTM (CC) publications: Common Criteria CC Version Revision Date Part 1: Introduction and general model V3.1 R5 April 2017 Part 2: Security functional requirements V3.1 R5 April 2017 Part 3: Security assurance requirements V3.1 R5 April 2017 3.2. CC Conformance claim This Security Target is conformant to CC Part 2 and CC Part 3. 3.3. Protection Profile Conformance claim This Security Target does not claim any conformance to an existing Protection Profile. 3.4. Assurance Level The evaluation assurance level (EAL) for this work is EAL 2 augmented with ADV_FSP.3 and ALC_FLR.3: Assurance Class ADV: Development ADV_ARC.1 Security architecture description ADV_FSP.3 Functional specification with complete sum- mary ADV_TDS.1 Basic design AGD: Guidance documents AGD_OPE.1 Operational user guidance AGD_PRE.1 Preparative procedures ALC: Life-cycle support ALC_CMC.2 Use of a CM system ALC_CMS.2 Parts of the TOE CM coverage ALC_DEL.1 Delivery procedures ALC_FLR.3 Systematic flaw remediation ASE: Security Target evaluation ASE_CCL.1 Conformance claims ASE_ECD.1 Extended components definition ASE_INT.1 ST introduction ASE_OBJ.2 Security objectives ASE_REQ.2 Derived security requirements ASE_SPD.1 Security problem definition ASE_TSS.1 TOE summary specification ATE: Tests ATE_COV.1 Evidence of coverage ATE_FUN.1 Functional testing ATE_IND.2 Independent testing - sample Strong Customer Authentication for Apple Pay MacBook Air 2020 with M1 running macOS Big Sur 11.3.1 Security Target Copyright © 2022 Apple Inc. All rights reserved. This document may be reproduced and distributed only in its original entirety without revision Page 18 Assurance Class AVA: Vulnerability assessment AVA_VAN.2 Vulnerability analysis Strong Customer Authentication for Apple Pay MacBook Air 2020 with M1 running macOS Big Sur 11.3.1 Security Target Copyright © 2022 Apple Inc. All rights reserved. This document may be reproduced and distributed only in its original entirety without revision Page 19 4.Security Problem Definition 4.1. Assets The assets of this security target are: Asset Sen- sitiv- ity* Type Definition D.User_Password I, C User Password value setup by the User and used to wake up device af- ter power loss, unlock the device and also allows the User to au- thorize payments (Apple Pay transactions). D.User_Bio I, C User Biometric data for the enrolled User’s biometrics, used to unlock the device and to authorize payments (Apple Pay transactions). D.Card_Data I, C User, TSF Apple Pay card data, including credit/debit card number, User’s name, expiration date, CVV, and transaction data (e.g. transaction history). Note: The card data is used as TSF data when the TOE sends it en- crypted to the issuer, via Apple servers, in order to generate the Device Account Number stored in the SE. D.User_Intent I User State of the device resulting from a physical interaction of the User with the TOE, characterizing the intent of the User to perform pay- ments (Apple Pay transactions) D.Payment_Data I User Apple Pay payment data being authorized by the User. For Apple Pay, critical elements are the amount (including the currency), the emitter, and the recipient (S.Merchant) which constitute the core of the Dynamic Linking. D.OS I TSF OS version currently installed on the device. This asset is not the OS code itself or the version number of that code. This asset is the set of elements that compose an OS version as prepared for that device, including elements verifiable by that device during boot (for instance the sepOS), and by the User through an identified version number. D.User_Configura- tion I TSF User configuration is a representation of the user personal config- uration including Apple Pay, and Touch ID settings. D.SEP_Configuration I TSF Secure Enclave configuration is a representation of the state of the Secure Enclave in the device. It comprises (but is not limited to) the sepOS version and the state of the user authentication func- tions (password, enrolled biometrics, authenticated credentials, retry counters, and authentication based access control settings). D.SEP_SE I, C TSF Secret data that allows secure communication between the Secure Enclave and the SE during processing of an Apple Pay transaction. D.SEP_Bio I, C TSF Secret data that allows secure communication between the Secure Enclave and the biometric sensor during processing of biometric authentication. Strong Customer Authentication for Apple Pay MacBook Air 2020 with M1 running macOS Big Sur 11.3.1 Security Target Copyright © 2022 Apple Inc. All rights reserved. This document may be reproduced and distributed only in its original entirety without revision Page 20 Asset Sen- sitiv- ity* Type Definition D.SEP_Watch I, C TSF Secret data that allows secure communication between the Secure Enclave on the TOE and the Secure Enclave on the Paired Watch, in the case the Paired Watch is used to unlock the TOE. The pair- ing secret allows the TOE and the Paired Watch to exchange sen- sitive data like the unlock secret. D.Unlock_Secret I,C TSF Secret data that is shared by the Secure Enclave on the TOE with the Paired Watch Secure Enclave to unlock the TOE. It is released by the Paired Watch to facilitate the TOE unlock. This asset is cre- ated by the TOE when the Unlock with Apple Watch feature is ena- bled by the User, and does not exist if there is no Paired Watch or if this feature is disabled. *: I = Integrity, C = Confidentiality 4.2. Subjects The subjects of this Security Target are: Subject Definition S.User User of Apple Pay on the device, able to: - Authenticate on the device (biometrics or password) - Manage authentication credentials (biometrics or password) - Manage device configuration (OS version, iCloud account) - Provision/enroll cards - Authorize Apple Pay transactions by providing consent for the transaction to pro- ceed (biometrics/password and user intent) - Cancel the Apple Pay service S.Apple_Servers Apple servers in charge of: - Management of S.User iCloud account - Management of S.User provisioning/enrollment in Apple Pay - Management of OS releases, including the Wallet application - Device’s interface for processing Apple Pay transactions (contact S.Issuer) S.Issuers The Issuer (or its service provider) is the third party in charge of: - Management of S.User data for Apple Pay services - Processing Apple Pay transactions S.Merchant The merchant is the third party accepting payment through an Apple Pay transaction. S.SE Certified Secure Element of the device including the TOE. S.Apple_Watch Apple Watch of S.User paired with the TOE (if applicable). 4.3. Assumptions The assumptions for this Security Target are the following: Assumption Definition A.DEVICE_AUTH The User of the device owns all the Apple Pay activities that are performed on a device. All authentication credentials (biometrics or password) for the device that are enabled for use with Apple Pay are owned and protected by the User of the device. Strong Customer Authentication for Apple Pay MacBook Air 2020 with M1 running macOS Big Sur 11.3.1 Security Target Copyright © 2022 Apple Inc. All rights reserved. This document may be reproduced and distributed only in its original entirety without revision Page 21 Assumption Definition A.PERSO The Apple Pay Issuers guarantee the correctness of the card data input in the de- vice during provisioning/enrollment: Data shall uniquely identify a financial pay- ment means and be linked to the account owned by the identified user. A.WATCH_USER If the User optionally pairs an Apple Watch to their MacBook Air, they own it and ensure the confidentiality of its authentication credentials. A.NO_EXTERNAL_KEY- BOARD The TOE is not paired with an external keyboard. A.NO_EVIL_ROOT_USER All Users of the device with root privileges are non-hostile. 4.4. Threat Agents The threat agents of this TOE are the following: Threat Agent Definition S.Attacker A threat agent trying to interact with the Apple Pay system fraudulently, trying to modify the configuration and data of genuine Users’ devices or forging data on their own device. 4.5. Threats The threats to assets of this TOE are the following: Threat Name Definition Assets T.COR- RUPT Corrupted Transaction or Transfer An attacker attempts to corrupt an Apple Pay transac- tion. To gain from the attack, the attacker could be the emitter of the transaction or transfer, and attempt to re- duce what it intends to pay (debit amount from at- tacker’s account) from what it was supposed to pay (credit amount request or transfer amount agreed be- tween attacker and victim). The attacker could also at- tempt to corrupt a payment when it is the recipient, and increase what it supposed to receive (credit transaction amount) from what it was supposed to receive (debit amount agreed). The attacker could also attempt to modify the recipient of a credit transaction by changing the payee in an Apple Pay transaction. D.Payment_Data D.User_Configuration D.OS T.PHYSI- CAL Physical The loss or theft of the device may give rise to loss of confidentiality of User data including credentials and TSF data. These physical access threats may involve at- tacks which attempt to access the device through exter- nal hardware ports, through its user interface, and also through direct and possibly destructive access to its storage media. The goal of such attacks is to access Apple Pay from a lost or stolen device which is not ex- pected to return to its User. Note: Defending against device re-use after physical compromise is out of scope. D.User_Password D.User_Bio D.Card_Data D.Unlock_Secret* D.SEP_Watch* T.RE- COVER Card Re- covery An attacker attempts to recover Apple Pay card data from an erased or blocked device and use it to perform a financial transaction or transfer. The attacker will target potential breaches in the process of Apple Pay cancella- tion, Apple Pay card revocation or macOS recovery mode. D.User_Configuration D.Card_Data D.OS T.REPLAY Replay An attacker attempts to replay an Apple Pay transaction. D.Payment_Data Strong Customer Authentication for Apple Pay MacBook Air 2020 with M1 running macOS Big Sur 11.3.1 Security Target Copyright © 2022 Apple Inc. All rights reserved. This document may be reproduced and distributed only in its original entirety without revision Page 22 Threat Name Definition Assets T.SILENT Silent Transaction An attacker attempts to modify the behavior of the de- vice, in order to perform silent Apple Pay transactions for some benefit. The attacker would have to perform the attack without knowledge of the device’s rightful owner who will be the victim of the attack. D.User_Intent D.User_Configuration D.SEP_Configuration D.SEP_SE D.OS T.SKIM- MING Authentica- tion Bypass An attacker attempts to perform a payment with Apple Pay, bypassing the required authentication step (bio- metrics data verification or password verification). D.User_Intent D.Payment_Data D.SEP_Configuration D.User_Configuration D.OS T.USURP Card Own- ership Usurpation An attacker could attempt to authenticate on a device, with a goal of using any provisioned cards on that de- vice. The attacker could focus on the card data during Apple Pay provisioning. D.User_Bio D.User_Password D.User_Configuration D.SEP_Bio D.Card_Data D.OS D.Unlock_Secret* D.SEP_Watch * Partial threat: By unlocking the device, the attacker could have a higher chance to access Apple Pay data. **Partial threat: the device can be unlocked using the paired watch but it does not allow the User to use provisioned cards. Assets & Threats mapping table: Asset - Property - I = Integrity C = Confidentiality T. C O R R U P T T. P H Y S I C A L T. R E C O V E R T. R E P L A Y T. S K I M M I N G T. S I L E N T T. U S U R P D.Unlock_Secret I,C X X D.User_Bio I,C X X D.User_Password I,C X X D.User_Intent I X X D.Payment_Data I X X X D.Card_Data I,C X X X D.OS I X X X X X D.User_Configuration I X X X X X D.SEP_Configuration I X X D.SEP_Watch I,C X X D.SEP_SE I,C X D.SEP_Bio I,C X Strong Customer Authentication for Apple Pay MacBook Air 2020 with M1 running macOS Big Sur 11.3.1 Security Target Copyright © 2022 Apple Inc. All rights reserved. This document may be reproduced and distributed only in its original entirety without revision Page 23 4.6. Organizational Security Policies The organizations associated with the Apple Pay service shall comply with the following Organizational Security Policies as security rules, procedures, practices, or guidelines imposed by an organization upon its operations: OSP Definition P.UPDATE Apple ensures that only an authenticated user can update their device’s operating system to a newly released macOS. Apple also informs the Apple Pay Issuers and PNOs of new applicable features of new releases. P.DYN_LINK Apple maintains the enforcement of Dynamic Linking for e-Commerce payments using Apple Pay cards, on device side and server side. This Organizational Security Policy guarantees that Apple preserves the following properties from design to feature release for Apple Pay e-Com- merce payments: (a) The payer is made aware of the amount of the payment transaction and of the payee (b) The authentication code generated is specific to the amount of the payment transaction and the payee agreed to by the payer when initiating the transaction (c) The authentication code accepted by the payment service provider corresponds to the original specific amount of the payment transaction and to the identity of the payee agreed to by the payer (d) any change to the amount or the payee results in the invalidation of the authentication code. P.WATCH The User can enable auto unlock with Apple Watch. The User can also use their Apple Watch to approve other requests (related to the security functions of the TOE) to enter their administrator password. These requests do not include user authentication for Apple Pay transactions. Strong Customer Authentication for Apple Pay MacBook Air 2020 with M1 running macOS Big Sur 11.3.1 Security Target Copyright © 2022 Apple Inc. All rights reserved. This document may be reproduced and distributed only in its original entirety without revision Page 24 5.Security Objectives 5.1. Security Objectives for the TOE Security Objec- tives Definition OT.User_auth The TOE enforces the following authentication policy: • Password only: o Add, update or delete biometrics o Update password o Modify authentication policy o Update the OS to a new version signed by Apple • Password or biometric (if enrolled) o Unlock of the device o Payments confirmation • Paired Apple Watch (optional): o Unlock of the device o Approve other requests (related to the security functions of the TOE) to enter their administrator password. These requests do not include user authentication for Apple Pay transactions. OT.Card_Data The TOE enforces that sensitive card data: • Is encrypted before being sent to the Apple servers • Is not accessible after being sent to the Apple Server OT.Password_De- lete The TOE enforces that removing the password: • Disables biometric authentication • Disables Apple Pay OT.Card_Delete The TOE securely triggers the delete of each individual Apple Pay card when: • A card is removed from Wallet • The TOE handles the revocation of a card by its Issuer • The use of Apple Pay is canceled (from iCloud, the System Preferences or pass- word removal) • The iCloud account is no longer associated with the device When a card is removed, the TOE also instructs the Secure Element to mark it as de- leted. OT.Auth_SE The TOE provides the Secure Element with password/biometric user authentication fea- ture for Apple Pay payment approval. OT.Payment For e-commerce transactions, the TOE enforces that transaction details are displayed to the User (including the card to be used from the Wallet, the amount, and the payee) be- fore the User shows their intent to pay and authenticates for payment validation. The TOE ensures that these details cannot be corrupted between the payment validation and the moment when details are sent to the SE. The TOE also requests explicit intent from the User for Apple Pay transactions. OT.Bio_Delete TOE Biometrics delete is a secure erase of the enrolled biometric data. OT.Disk_Erase TOE securely deletes all User data when the User sets the OS to recovery mode or per- forms a device erase locally or remotely from iCloud. This also initiates the disabling of Apple Pay and the destruction of Apple Pay cards. Strong Customer Authentication for Apple Pay MacBook Air 2020 with M1 running macOS Big Sur 11.3.1 Security Target Copyright © 2022 Apple Inc. All rights reserved. This document may be reproduced and distributed only in its original entirety without revision Page 25 Security Objec- tives Definition OT.Anti_Replay The TOE ensures that each payment processed by an Apple Pay card holds the unique identifier. OT.OS_Update TOE enforces security measures ensuring preservation of User data when an OS update is installed in the TOE. This objective protects the user authentication credentials (bio- metrics and password), the Apple Pay card data, and more. OT.Watch The TOE allows the user to do the following operations using their Apple Watch through a secure channel: • unlock the TOE • approve other requests (related to the security functions of the TOE) to enter their administrator password. These requests do not include user authentication for Ap- ple Pay transactions. 5.2. Security Objectives for the environment Environment Security Objec- tives Definition OE.Card_Data The Issuer is responsible for using the appropriate security measures to protect the con- fidentiality and the integrity of the sensitive card data and guaranteeing the authenticity of the card during enrolment. The Secure Element is responsible for securing the card validation exchanges with the Issuer’s TSM and for ensuring confidentiality and integrity of each card’s sensitive data during storage and use. OE.Perso The Issuer is responsible for verifying that the User is authorized to perform a transac- tion on the account of the card used as a reference, before allowing the card personali- zation. The Issuer also ensures the robustness of the personalization data, to prevent at- tacks like forgery, counterfeit or corruption. OE.Card_Delete The Issuers of all payment cards provisioned on a device are informed when the User re- moves a card from that device, removes that device from the iCloud account or per- forms a disk erase. The Issuers ensure these cards are removed from the User's account (i.e. the unlinking process of the DPAN from the FPAN, which is done by the Issuer or the corresponding TSP). The Secure Element is responsible for securely deleting the stored sensitive data (pri- vate/secret). OE.Anti_Replay The Apple Pay server verifies that each payment (e-Commerce Apple Pay transaction) is not replayed. The payment is invalidated if this verification fails. OE.Transac- tion_Verification For Apple Pay, the cryptogram released by the Secure Element for an Apple Pay trans- action is verified by the Issuer (or its service provider). The cryptogram validation result allows the Issuer to approve or reject the transaction. The payment is invalidated if this verification fails. OE.Dy- namic_Linking For eCommerce transactions, the Apple Pay server preserves and Issuer verifies the cryptographic based dynamic linking of the transaction data (including amount and payee). The payment is invalidated if this verification fails. OE.Statement The payment card Issuers ensure that the statement associated to the card (list of trans- actions) is fully accurate and includes, at a minimum, not restricted to, the amount and recipient of each transaction. Strong Customer Authentication for Apple Pay MacBook Air 2020 with M1 running macOS Big Sur 11.3.1 Security Target Copyright © 2022 Apple Inc. All rights reserved. This document may be reproduced and distributed only in its original entirety without revision Page 26 Environment Security Objec- tives Definition OE.Genuine_Wal- let The Wallet application is provided and signed by Apple. OE.Watch The S.Apple_Watch is responsible for ensuring the confidentiality of the unlock secret provided by the MacBook Air during all its lifetime: from in reception at enabling of the “Unlock with Apple Watch” feature, during its storage, during its release for unlocking the MacBook Air, and when it is deleted when the feature is disabled. The S.Apple_Watch is responsible for ensuring that it is protected by a password and the wrist detection feature is turned on in order to enable the feature “unlock Mac with Apple Watch”. OE.User The S.User is responsible for ensuring that: • Other users of the device with root access o Are trusted and competent to prevent inadvertent malware installation • They own all the Apple Pay activities that are performed on a device • The password is robust and protected • Only their own biometrics credentials are enrolled (they do not enroll biometrics of someone else) • The TOE is not paired with an external keyboard • Only their own Apple Watch is paired with the TOE and the paired Apple Watch is protected. This includes abiding by the watchOS Software License Agree- ment and protecting the confidentiality of the paired Apple Watch’s passcode 5.3. Rationale of the Security objectives for the security problem defi- nition The following table details the rationale for each element of the security problem definition. For all the objectives for the TOE, OT.OS_Update also ensures the authentication configuration is preserved during the OS update. Element Rationale A.DEVICE_AUTH OE.User and OE.Watch cover A.DEVICE_AUTH ensuring the user owns and pro- tects all the authentication credentials. A.PERSO OE.Perso covers A.PERSO ensuring the provisioning process verifies the owner- ship of the provisioned cards. A.WATCH_USER OE.User and OE.Watch covers A.WATCH_USER ensuring the User of the device owns and protects their Apple Watch and related credentials. A.NO_EXTERNAL_KEY- BOARD OE.User ensures the user of the TOE does not pair the TOE with an external key- board. A.NO_EVIL_ROOT_USER OE.User ensures other users of the device with root access are trusted and com- petent to prevent inadvertent malware installation. Strong Customer Authentication for Apple Pay MacBook Air 2020 with M1 running macOS Big Sur 11.3.1 Security Target Copyright © 2022 Apple Inc. All rights reserved. This document may be reproduced and distributed only in its original entirety without revision Page 27 Element Rationale T.SKIMMING OT.User_Auth, OT.Auth_SE and OT.Payment ensure that an Apple Pay transaction is always authenticated and authorized by the User. OT.User_Auth and OE.Genu- ine_Wallet ensure that the Apple release of a new OS or Apple Wallet application implementing the authentication functions and payment functions are controlled, and that it preserves the confidentiality and integrity of the authentication and pay- ment data. OT.Password_Delete ensures that if the password is turned off, the Ap- ple Pay and biometric authentication are not available anymore. T.USURP OT.Card_Data OT.OS_Update and OE.Card_Data ensure that the card data is kept confidential and not altered from an attacker during storage and use in the Secure Element. OT.User_Auth, OT.Auth_SE and OT.Payment prevent the attacker from attempting to perform Apple Pay transactions, enforcing user authentication with set creden- tials (which are not known or owned by the attacker according to OE_User), and preventing the attacker from replacing a User’s password or biometrics with their own. OT.User_Auth and OE.Genuine_Wallet additionally ensure that the installation of a new Apple released OS or Apple Wallet application preserves the confidentiality and integrity of the payment data. OT.Password_Delete ensures that if password login is disabled, the Apple Pay and biometric authentication are not available anymore. T.RECOVER OT.Bio_Delete ensures that a removed password or biometric credential cannot be recovered. OT.Card_Data, OT.OS_Update and OE.Card_Data ensure that the confidential card data is only stored by the Secure Element which protects them from disclosure. OT.Disk_Erase covers the physical erase of the content and settings of the device where the TOE will trigger secure erase all provisioned card data. OE.Card_Delete ensures that the Issuers of provisioned cards are securely removing the deleted cards from the User’s account so that no transaction can further proceed. T.REPLAY OE.Anti_Replay ensures that each Apple Pay transaction is not replayed. OE.Anti_Replay and OT.Anti_Replay ensures that each Apple Pay transaction can- not be replayed. T.CORRUPT OT.Payment enforces the dynamic linking of the Apple Pay transaction data, en- suring that the critical content (such as emitter, recipient, amount) cannot be changed after the transaction was processed using a provisioned card. OE.Dy- namic_Linking ensures that the Apple Pay server is verifying the integrity of the Apple Pay transaction data Dynamic Linking. OE.Statement provides an additional verification point for the account holder as the Issuer ensures that all processed Apple Pay transactions appear on the statement of the account associated to the card. OT.User_Auth and OE_Genuine_Wallet ensure that the Apple release of a new OS or Apple Wallet application implementing the payment functions are controlled. Strong Customer Authentication for Apple Pay MacBook Air 2020 with M1 running macOS Big Sur 11.3.1 Security Target Copyright © 2022 Apple Inc. All rights reserved. This document may be reproduced and distributed only in its original entirety without revision Page 28 Element Rationale T.SILENT OT.User_Auth and OT.Payment ensure that an Apple Pay transaction is always au- thorized by the User. OE.Statement ensures that the card Issuers provide account holder verification material (in the form of transaction statements) allowing them to identify any fraudulent activity on their account. OT.User_Auth and OE.Genuine_Wallet ensure that the Apple release of a new OS or Apple Wallet application implementing the authentication functions and pay- ment functions is controlled. OT.Password_Delete ensures that if password is turned off, the Apple Pay and bi- ometric authentication are not available anymore. T.PHYSICAL The User credentials maintained by the TOE are secured by OT.User_Auth enforc- ing the secure verification process of biometrics or password. The TOE lifecycle is secure through the management of the device within the Apple iCloud environment where the User is able to remove the device from its account (OT.Card_Delete) and erase the disk content (OT.Disk_Erase). This binding en- sures that the User’s critical data is safe in case device is lost or stolen. OT.Card_Data, OT.OS_Update and OE.Card_Data ensure that the provisioned card data is kept confidential in the Secure Element and cannot be extracted. P.UPDATE OT.User_Auth and OE.Genuine_Wallet ensure that the Apple release of a new OS or Apple Wallet application implementing the authentication functions and pay- ment functions are controlled, and that it preserves the confidentiality and integrity of the authentication and payment data. P.DYN_LINK (Dynamic Linking) P.DYN_LINK is covered by OT.Payment, OT.User_Auth, OT.Anti_Replay, OE.Anti_Replay, OE.Transaction_Verification, and OE.Dynamic_Linking, which all participate in the enforcement of the Dynamic Linking requirements on e-Com- merce payments. The mapping is as follows: (a) OT.Payment ensures that there is a step, part of the user intent confirmation phase, when the User (payer) is made aware of the amount of the payment trans- action and payee (b) OT.User_Auth ensures that the user authentication was performed to ensure agreement by the payer to authorize the Apple Pay transaction data (specific to the payer, amount and payee), OE.Anti_Replay ensures that each payment is uniquely identified, and OT.Payment ensures that the payment data is integrity protected (c) OE.Anti_Replay, OE.Transaction_Verification and OE.Dynamic_Linking ensure that the received Apple Pay transaction data correspond to what was agreed to by the payer: The unique identifier to prevent replay is verified, the cryptogram for the data is verified, and the dynamic linking of the user authentication and the payment data integrity is verified (d) OE.Anti_Replay, OE_Transaction_Verification and OE.Dynamic_Linking ensure that any change to the amount or the payee results in the invalidation of the pay- ment and its unique identifier so no replay is attempted. P.WATCH P.WATCH is covered by OT_User_Auth and OT.Watch, which allow the Apple Watch dedicated features. Strong Customer Authentication for Apple Pay MacBook Air 2020 with M1 running macOS Big Sur 11.3.1 Security Target Copyright © 2022 Apple Inc. All rights reserved. This document may be reproduced and distributed only in its original entirety without revision Page 29 Security Objectives mapping table: T. C O R R U P T T. P H Y S I C A L T. R E C O V E R T. R E P L A Y T. S I L E N T T. S K I M M I N G T. U S U R P P. D Y N _ L I N K P. U P D A T E P. W A T C H A. P E R S O A. D E V I C E _ A U T H A. W A T C H _ U S E R A. N O _ E X T E R N A L _ K E Y B O A R D A. N O _ E V I L _ R O O T _ U S E R OT.Anti_Replay x x OT.Card_Data x x x OT.Payment x x x x x OT.Card_Delete x OT.OS_Update x x x OT.Auth_SE x x OT.User_Auth x x x x x x x x OT.Watch x OT.Password_Delete x OT.Bio_Delete x OT.Disk_Erase x x OE_Anti_Replay x x OE.Card_Data x x x OE.Perso x OE.Dynamic_Linking x x OE.Statement x x OE.Transaction_Verification x OE.Watch x x x OE.User x x x x x x OE.Genuine_Wallet x x x x OE.Card_Delete x Strong Customer Authentication for Apple Pay MacBook Air 2020 with M1 running macOS Big Sur 11.3.1 Security Target Copyright © 2022 Apple Inc. All rights reserved. This document may be reproduced and distributed only in its original entirety without revision Page 30 6. Security Functional Requirements 6.1. SFR supporting definitions 6.1.1.Security Functional Policies (SFP) Access Control SFPs are given in the table below: Authentication_SFP Authentication policy enforcing authentication, re-authentication and authorization rules as defined by OT.User_Auth. This SFP includes information flows between the Secure Enclave and the biometric sen- sor (for biometric authentication) and between the TOE and S.Apple_Watch. Payment_SFP Security policy enforcing that processing a payment requires the User to confirm the in- tent to pay and being re-authenticated (password, or, if configured, biometrics) to allow processing of the related data and its exportation. Card_Perso_SFP Security policy enforcing that: - Importing D.Card_Data is only allowed if: a password is configured - Confidential parts of the card data are protected before being sent to the Apple Servers - Confidential parts of the card data are not imported in the Wallet 6.1.2.Subjects and Objects Objects are the Assets identified in the Section 4.1. Subjects are listed in Sections 4.2 and 4.4 6.1.3.Security Attributes Security Attribute Card Data Confiden- tial parts Parts of the Card Data that should stay confidential and not been stored in the Wallet - Secret parts of the card number - CVV - … User Authorization Part of D.Payment_Data specifying the explicit authoriza- tion of the S.User - “yes” - “no” BioAuth Unlock Part of D.User_Configuration, authorization to use bio- metric authentication for unlocking a locked device, “se- lected” or “not selected” by the User. - “selected” - “not selected” (default) BioAuth AP Part of D.User_Configuration, authorization to use bio- metric authentication for Apple Pay operations, “se- lected” or “not selected” by the User. - “selected” (default) - “not selected” Watch Unlock Authorization to use the paired Apple Watch to unlock the TOE. - “enabled” - “disabled” (default) Apple OS public key The public key used to check the authenticity of a new version of D.OS. - Part of installed D.OS OS_signature Part of the OS file that is checked by the TOE before up- dating D.OS - Part of the update file Strong Customer Authentication for Apple Pay MacBook Air 2020 with M1 running macOS Big Sur 11.3.1 Security Target Copyright © 2022 Apple Inc. All rights reserved. This document may be reproduced and distributed only in its original entirety without revision Page 31 Security Attribute Password_off Part of D.SEP_Configuration, configuration of the OS al- lowing to use the device without any authentication. When enabled, the TSF should disable biometric authen- tication and Apple Pay. - “disabled” (default) - “enable” 6.1.4.Writing conventions for the SFR operations Iterations are identified by a slash character “/” followed by the name of the iteration. Assignments and selections are done with italicized text. Refinements are identified with the prefix “Refinement:”. 6.2. Identification and authentication 6.2.1.User authentication FIA_UID.2 User identification before any action FIA_UID.2.1 The TSF shall require each user to be successfully identified before allowing any other TSF-medi- ated actions on behalf of that user. FIA_UAU.2 User authentication before any action FIA_UAU.2.1 The TSF shall require each user to be successfully authenticated before allowing any other TSF- mediated actions on behalf of that user. Note: this gives S.User the role of “Authenticated User”. According to this requirement, S.User is au- thenticated by the TSF before performing any of the operations listed in the following requirements. FIA_UAU.5 Multiple authentication mechanisms FIA_UAU.5.1 The TSF shall provide password authentication, biometric authentication (fingerprint), Watch unlock (paired Apple Watch) to support user authentication. FIA_UAU.5.2 The TSF shall authenticate any user's claimed identity according to the: • Password authentication as default authentication • Biometric authentication for: - Unlock if selected in the System Preferences (BioAuth Unlock = selected) - Transaction authorization if selected in the System Preferences (BioAuth AP = selected) • Watch unlock (if Watch Unlock = enabled) for: - unlock the TOE • Rules defined in FIA_UAU.6 Re-authenticating and FIA_AFL.1 Authentication failure han- dling. Note: The TOE allows other authorizations not related to Apple Pay to be performed from optional paired Apple Watch. FIA_AFL.1/Biometric Authentication failure handling FIA_AFL.1.1 The TSF shall detect when 5 (five) unsuccessful authentication attempts occur related to bio- metric validation. FIA_AFL.1.2 When the defined number of unsuccessful authentication attempts has been met, the TSF shall require password validation, blocking further biometric validation attempts. Strong Customer Authentication for Apple Pay MacBook Air 2020 with M1 running macOS Big Sur 11.3.1 Security Target Copyright © 2022 Apple Inc. All rights reserved. This document may be reproduced and distributed only in its original entirety without revision Page 32 FIA_AFL.1/Recovery Authentication failure handling FIA_AFL.1.1 /Recovery The TSF shall detect when 10 (ten) unsuccessful authentication attempts occur related to first password validation after boot or reboot. FIA_AFL.1.2 /Recovery When the defined number of unsuccessful authentication attempts has been met, the TSF shall force booting into recoveryOS FIA_AFL.1/Delay Authentication failure handling FIA_AFL.1.1 /Delay The TSF shall detect when 5 (five) unsuccessful authentication attempts occur related to first password validation after boot or reboot. FIA_AFL.1.2 /Delay When the defined number of unsuccessful authentication attempts has been met, the TSF shall start delaying further password validation attempts and require password validation. FIA_UAU.6 Re-authenticating FIA_UAU.6.1 The TSF shall re-authenticate the user under the conditions that the user requests: - OS update (change of D.OS) - Erasing the device - Unlocking the Security & Privacy pane in System Preferences (allowing to change “BioAuth Unlock” and “BioAuth AP”, password and biometric patterns) - Unlocking the Users & Groups pane in System Preferences - Transaction validation (export of D.Transaction_Data), the re-authentication should be done during the 60 second after the transaction validation request. 6.2.2.Data Authentication FDP_DAU.1 Basic Data Authentication FDP_DAU.1.1 The TSF shall provide a capability to generate evidence that can be used as a guarantee of the validity of D.Payment_Data (including S.Merchant and S.User data). FDP_DAU.1.2 The TSF shall provide S.SE with the ability to verify evidence of the validity of the indicated in- formation. 6.2.3.User attribute definition FIA_ATD.1 User attribute definition FIA_ATD.1.1 The TSF shall maintain the following list of security attributes belonging to individual users: D.User_Password, D.User_Bio, D.Card_Data, BioAuth Unlock, BioAuth AP, Watch Unlock. Refinement: The update of D.OS shall not modify these user attributes. 6.2.4.Specification of secrets FIA_SOS.2 TSF Generation of secrets FIA_SOS.2.1 The TSF shall provide a mechanism to generate secrets that meet FIPS 140-2 validated crypto- graphic module. FIA_SOS.2.2 The TSF shall be able to enforce the use of TSF generated secrets for creation of the D.Un- lock_Secret during the Unlock with Apple Watch Setup. Strong Customer Authentication for Apple Pay MacBook Air 2020 with M1 running macOS Big Sur 11.3.1 Security Target Copyright © 2022 Apple Inc. All rights reserved. This document may be reproduced and distributed only in its original entirety without revision Page 33 6.3. Access/Flow Control SFRs 6.3.1.Authentication _SFP FDP_ACC.2/Authentication_SFP Complete access control FDP_ACC.2.1/ Authentication_SFP The TSF shall enforce the Authentication_SFP on: Sub- jects: S.User, S.Apple_Watch Objects: the TSF and all operations among subjects and objects covered by the SFP. FDP_ACC.2.2/ Authentication_SFP The TSF shall ensure that all operations between any subject controlled by the TSF and any object controlled by the TSF are covered by an access control SFP. FDP_ACF.1/Authentication_SFP Security attribute-based access control FDP_ACF.1.1/ Authentication_SFP The TSF shall enforce the Authentication_SFP to objects based on the following: Subjects: S.User, S.Apple_Watch Objects: the TSF Security attributes: “Watch Unlock” FDP_ACF.1.2/ Authentication_SFP The TSF shall enforce the following rules to determine if an operation among controlled subjects and controlled objects is allowed: S.User is authenticated according to FIA_UAU.5 FDP_ACF.1.3/ Authentication_SFP The TSF shall explicitly authorise access of subjects to objects based on the following additional rules: If “Watch Unlock” set to “enabled”, S.Apple_Watch gives S.User the capability to: - Unlock the TOE - Approve other requests (related to the security functions of the TOE) to enter their administrator password. FDP_ACF.1.4/ Authentication_SFP The TSF shall explicitly deny access of subjects to objects based on the following addi- tional rules: “Password_off” is enabled. FDP_ITT.1 Basic internal transfer protection FDP_ITT.1.1 The TSF shall enforce the Authentication_SFP to prevent the modification and disclosure of user data when it is transmitted between physically-separated parts of the TOE. Note: This requirement concerns the protection of biometric data sent by the biometric sensor to the Secure Enclave. Protection against modification includes also protection against replay. Strong Customer Authentication for Apple Pay MacBook Air 2020 with M1 running macOS Big Sur 11.3.1 Security Target Copyright © 2022 Apple Inc. All rights reserved. This document may be reproduced and distributed only in its original entirety without revision Page 34 6.3.2.Payment_SFP FDP_ETC.2/Transaction Export of user data with security attributes FDP_ETC.2.1 /Transaction The TSF shall enforce the Payment_SFP when exporting user data, controlled under the SFP(s), outside of the TOE. FDP_ETC.2.2 /Transaction The TSF shall export the user data with the user data's associated security attributes. FDP_ETC.2.3 /Transaction The TSF shall ensure that the security attributes, when exported outside the TOE, are unam- biguously associated with the exported user data. FDP_ETC.2.4 /Transaction The TSF shall enforce the following rules when user data is exported from the TOE: - exported Payment_SFP details (the card to be used from the Wallet, the amount and the payee in the case of e-commerce payments) are those displayed to S.User during re-au- thentication request (FIA_UAU.6 Re-authenticating) - D.Payment_Data includes a unique identifier (An Apple Pay server nonce). FDP_ACC.2/Payment_SFP Complete access control FDP_ACC.2.1/ Payment_SFP The TSF shall enforce the Payment_SFP on: Sub- jects: S.User Objects: D.Payment_Data (including S.User and S.Merchant Data) , and all operations among subjects and objects covered by the SFP. FDP_ACC.2.2/ Payment_SFP The TSF shall ensure that all operations between any subject controlled by the TSF and any object controlled by the TSF are covered by an access control SFP. Note: the only possible operation on D.Payment_Data is to export it as a transaction order to the Secure Element. FDP_ACF.1/Payment_SFP Security attribute based access control FDP_ACF.1.1/ Payment_SFP The TSF shall enforce the Payment_SFP to objects based on the following: Subjects: S.User Objects: D.Payment_Data (including S.User and S.Merchant Data), the SE (through a trusted channel) Security attributes: “User Authorization”, “BioAuth AP”, “Password_off” FDP_ACF.1.2/ Payment_SFP The TSF shall enforce the following rules to determine if an operation among controlled sub- jects and controlled objects is allowed: - Export of D.Payment_Data with “User Authorization” set to “yes” to the SE is allowed if: - S.User shows their intent to pay (using the gesture of activating the Touch ID sensor combined with successfully matching the user’s fingerprint or double press- ing of touch ID sensor when user doesn't have touch ID set up) - S.User had been successfully re-authenticated for transaction validation (FIA_UAU.6). FDP_ACF.1.3/ Payment_SFP The TSF shall explicitly authorise access of subjects to objects based on the following addi- tional rules: none. FDP_ACF.1.4/ Payment_SFP The TSF shall explicitly deny access of subjects to objects based on the following additional rules: “Password_off” is “enabled”. Strong Customer Authentication for Apple Pay MacBook Air 2020 with M1 running macOS Big Sur 11.3.1 Security Target Copyright © 2022 Apple Inc. All rights reserved. This document may be reproduced and distributed only in its original entirety without revision Page 35 6.3.3.Card_Perso_SFP FDP_ACC.2/Card_Perso_SFP Complete access control FDP_ACC.2.1 /Card_Perso_SFP The TSF shall enforce the Card_Perso_SFP on Sub- jects: S.User, S.Apple_Servers Objects: D.Card_Data and all operations among subjects and objects covered by the SFP. FDP_ACC.2.2 /Card_Perso_SFP The TSF shall ensure that all operations between any subject controlled by the TSF and any object controlled by the TSF are covered by an access control SFP. FDP_ACF.1/Card_Perso_SFP Security attribute based access control FDP_ACF.1.1 /Card_Perso_SFP The TSF shall enforce the Card_Perso_SFP to objects based on the following: Subjects: S.User, S.Apple_Servers Objects: D.Card_Data Security attributes: Password_off FDP_ACF.1.2 /Card_Perso_SFP The TSF shall enforce the following rules to determine if an operation among controlled subjects and controlled objects is allowed: - S.User is connected to its iCloud account, and is authenticated on the TOE. FDP_ACF.1.3 /Card_Perso_SFP The TSF shall explicitly authorise access of subjects to objects based on the following ad- ditional rules: none. FDP_ACF.1.4 /Card_Perso_SFP The TSF shall explicitly deny access of subjects to objects based on the following addi- tional rules: “Password_off” is enabled. FDP_ETC.2/Card_Perso_SFP Export of user data with security attributes FDP_ETC.2.1 /Card_Perso_SFP The TSF shall enforce the Card_Perso_SFP when exporting user data, controlled under the SFP(s), outside of the TOE. FDP_ETC.2.2 /Card_Perso_SFP The TSF shall export the user data with the user data's associated security attributes. FDP_ETC.2.3 /Card_Perso_SFP The TSF shall ensure that the security attributes, when exported outside the TOE, are unam- biguously associated with the exported user data. FDP_ETC.2.4 /Card_Perso_SFP The TSF shall enforce the following rules when user data is exported from the TOE: - D.Card_Data is encrypted before being exported to S.Apple_Server - “Card Data Confidential parts” are not kept on the TOE after being exported. Strong Customer Authentication for Apple Pay MacBook Air 2020 with M1 running macOS Big Sur 11.3.1 Security Target Copyright © 2022 Apple Inc. All rights reserved. This document may be reproduced and distributed only in its original entirety without revision Page 36 FPT_ITC.1 Inter-TSF confidentiality during transmission FPT_ITC.1.1 The TSF shall protect all TSF data transmitted from the TSF to another trusted IT product from unauthorised disclosure during transmission. FDP_ITC.1/Card_Perso_SFP Import of user data without security attributes FDP_ITC.1.1 /Card_Perso_SFP The TSF shall enforce the Card_Perso_SFP when importing user data, controlled under the SFP, from outside of the TOE. FDP_ITC.1.2 /Card_Perso_SFP The TSF shall ignore any security attributes associated with the user data when imported from outside the TOE. FDP_ITC.1.3 /Card_Perso_SFP The TSF shall enforce the following rules when importing user data controlled under the SFP from outside the TOE: None. Note: security attributes of the Card Data are “Card Data Confidential parts” in section 6.1.3. These requirements specify that the confidential part of the cards data is used for card enrollment (FDP_ETC.2/Card_Perso_SFP) but are not stored on the TOE. 6.4. Secure Enclave/Secure Element Trusted Channel FTP_ITC.1/SE Inter-TSF trusted channel FTP_ITC.1.1/SE The TSF shall provide a communication channel between itself and another trusted IT prod- uct that is logically distinct from other communication channels and provides assured identi- fication of its end points and protection of the channel data from modification or disclosure. FTP_ITC.1.2/SE The TSF shall permit the TSF to initiate communication via the trusted channel. FTP_ITC.1.3/SE The TSF shall initiate communication via the trusted channel for Payment initiation and transmission of D.Payment_Data. FDP_UCT.1/SE Basic data exchange confidentiality FDP_UCT.1.1/SE The TSF shall enforce the Payment_SFP, to transmit user data in a manner protected from unauthorised disclosure. FDP_UIT.1/SE Data exchange integrity FDP_UIT.1.1/SE The TSF shall enforce the Payment_SFP, to transmit and receive user data in a manner pro- tected from modification, insertion and replay errors. FDP_UIT.1.2/SE The TSF shall be able to determine on receipt of user data, whether modification, insertion or replay has occurred. FPT_RPL.1/SE Replay detection FPT_RPL.1.1/SE The TSF shall detect replay for the following entities: S.SE. FPT_RPL.1.2/SE The TSF shall perform reject data when replay is detected. 6.5. Secure Enclave/Apple Watch Trusted Channel FTP_ITC.1/Watch Inter-TSF trusted channel FTP_ITC.1.1 /Watch The TSF shall provide a communication channel between itself and another trusted IT product that is logically distinct from other communication channels and provides assured identification of its end points and protection of the channel data from modification or disclosure. FTP_ITC.1.2 /Watch The TSF shall permit the TSF to initiate communication via the trusted channel. FTP_ITC.1.3 /Watch The TSF shall initiate communication via the trusted channel for: unlock the TOE. Strong Customer Authentication for Apple Pay MacBook Air 2020 with M1 running macOS Big Sur 11.3.1 Security Target Copyright © 2022 Apple Inc. All rights reserved. This document may be reproduced and distributed only in its original entirety without revision Page 37 FDP_UCT.1/Watch Basic data exchange confidentiality FDP_UCT.1.1 /Watch The TSF shall enforce the Authentication_SFP, to transmit and receive user data in a manner protected from unauthorised disclosure. FDP_UIT.1/Watch Data exchange integrity FDP_UIT.1.1 /Watch The TSF shall enforce the Authentication_SFP to transmit and receive user data in a manner protected from modification, insertion and replay errors. FDP_UIT.1.2 /Watch The TSF shall be able to determine on receipt of user data, whether modification, insertion or replay has occurred. FPT_RPL.1/Watch Replay detection FPT_RPL.1.1/Watch The TSF shall detect replay for the following entities: S.Apple_Watch. FPT_RPL.1.2/Watch The TSF shall perform reject data when replay is detected. 6.6. Local data protection FPR_UNO.1 Unobservability FPR_UNO.1.1 The TSF shall ensure that S.Attacker are unable to observe the operation Password set, Pass- word check, Password Update, Password removal, Biometrics set, Biometrics check, iometrics update, Biometrics delete, Apple Pay provisioning, Apple Watch Unlock activation, on D.User_Bio, D.User_Password, D.Card_Data, D.SEP_Watch, D.Unlock_Secret by S.User. FDP_RIP.1 Subset residual information protection FDP_RIP.1.1 The TSF shall ensure that any previous information content of a resource is made unavailable upon the deallocation of the resource from the following objects: D.User_Bio, D.User_Pass- word, “Card Data Confidential parts” and iCloud Account (in D.User_Configuration). Refinement: - The removal of the iCloud Account by S.User triggers the deallocation of all the Apple Pay data/configura- tion - The revocation of individual card by its issuer triggers the deallocation of the related card data - The procedure of erase on the device triggers the deallocation of all security attributes except the D.OS - The removal of “Card Data Confidential parts” is done by instructing the Secure Element to mark the card as deleted - The removal of the Password by S.User disables the actual Password; and triggers the deallocation of all the Apple Pay data FDP_SDI.1 Stored data integrity monitoring FDP_SDI.1.1 The TSF shall monitor user data stored in containers controlled by the TSF for integrity errors on all objects, based on the following attributes: D.User_Bio, D.Card_Data, D.OS. 6.7. TSF management 6.7.1.Roles and Management Functions FMT_SMR.1 Security roles FMT_SMR.1.1 The TSF shall maintain the roles Authenticated User. FMT_SMR.1.2 The TSF shall be able to associate users with roles. Strong Customer Authentication for Apple Pay MacBook Air 2020 with M1 running macOS Big Sur 11.3.1 Security Target Copyright © 2022 Apple Inc. All rights reserved. This document may be reproduced and distributed only in its original entirety without revision Page 38 FMT_SMF.1 Specification of Management Functions FMT_SMF.1.1 The TSF shall be capable of performing the following management functions: management of security attributes (see FMT_MSA.1). 6.7.2.Management of security attributes FMT_MSA.3 Static attribute initialization FMT_MSA.3.1 The TSF shall enforce the Payment_SFP, Card_Perso_SFP to provide “BioAuth Unlock” restrictive (disabled) “BioAuth AP” permissive (selected) “Password_off” restrictive (disabled) “Watch Unlock” restrictive (disabled) default values for security attributes that are used to enforce the SFP. FMT_MSA.3.2 The TSF shall allow nobody to specify alternative initial values to override the default values when an object or information is created. FMT_MSA.1 Management of security attributes FMT_MSA.1.1 The TSF shall enforce the Authentication_SFP, Card_Perso_SFP to restrict the ability to modify the security attributes “, “BioAuth Unlock”, “BioAuth AP”, “Password_off” to “Authenticated User”, “Watch Unlock”. Refinement: - When “Password_off” is enabled, the TSF removes the D.Card_Data according to FDP_RIP.1. 6.7.3.Management of TSF_Data FMT_MTD.1 Management of TSF data FMT_MTD.1.1 The TSF shall restrict the ability to update the D.OS to “Authenticated user”. FMT_MTD.3 Secure TSF data FMT_MTD.3.1 The TSF shall ensure that only secure values are accepted for D.OS. Refinement: secure value is defined by “OS_signature” is valid and signed by “Apple OS public key”. Strong Customer Authentication for Apple Pay MacBook Air 2020 with M1 running macOS Big Sur 11.3.1 Security Target Copyright © 2022 Apple Inc. All rights reserved. This document may be reproduced and distributed only in its original entirety without revision Page 39 6.8. Security Requirements Rationale 6.8.1.Security Functional Requirements (SFR) Dependencies TOE SFR Required dependencies Covered by FIA_UAU.2 FIA_UID.1 FIA_UID.2 FIA_AFL.1(Biometric/Recovery/De- lay) FIA_UAU.1 FIA_UAU.2 FDP_ACC.2/Authentication_SFP FDP_ACF.1 FDP_ACF.1/Authentication_SFP FDP_ACF.1/Authentication_SFP FDP_ACC.1 FMT_MSA.3 FDP_ACC.2/Authentication_SFP FMT_MSA.3 FDP_ACC.2/Payment_SFP FDP_ACF.1 FDP_ACF.1/Payment_SFP FDP_ACF.1/Payment_SFP FDP_ACC.1 FMT_MSA.3 FDP_ACC.2/Payment_SFP FMT_MSA.3 FDP_ITT.1 FDP_ACC.1, or FDP_IFC.1 FDP_ACC.2/Authentication_SFP FDP_ETC.2/Transaction FDP_ACC.1, or FDP_IFC.1 FDP_ACC.2/Payment_SFP FDP_ACC.2/Card_Perso_SFP FDP_ACF.1 FDP_ACF.1/Card_Perso_SFP FDP_ACF.1/Card_Perso_SFP FDP_ACC.1 FMT_MSA.3 FDP_ACC.2/Card_Perso_SFP FMT_MSA.3 FDP_ITC.1/Card_Perso_SFP FDP_ACC.1, or FDP_IFC.1 FMT_MSA.3 FDP_ACC.2/Card_Perso_SFP FMT_MSA.3 FDP_ETC.2/Card_Perso_SFP FDP_ACC.1, or FDP_IFC.1 FDP_ACC.2/Card_Perso_SFP FDP_UCT.1/SE FDP_ACC.1, or FDP_IFC.1 FTP_ITC.1, or FTP_TRP.1 FDP_ACF.1/Payment_SFP, and FDP_ACF.1/Card_Perso_SFP FTP_ITC.1/SE FDP_UIT.1/SE FDP_ACC.1, or FDP_IFC.1 FTP_ITC.1, or FTP_TRP.1 FDP_ACF.1/Payment_SFP, and FDP_ACF.1/Card_Perso_SFP FTP_ITC.1/SE FDP_UCT.1/Watch FDP_ACC.1, or FDP_IFC.1 FTP_ITC.1, or FTP_TRP.1 FDP_ACF.1/Authentication_SFP FTP_ITC.1/Watch FDP_UIT.1/Watch FDP_ACC.1, or FDP_IFC.1 FTP_ITC.1, or FTP_TRP.1 FDP_ACF.1/Authentication_SFP FTP_ITC.1/Watch FMT_SMR.1 FIA_UID.1 FIA_UID.2 FMT_MSA.3 FMT_MSA.1, FMT_SMR.1 FMT_MSA.1, FMT_SMR.1 FMT_MSA.1 FDP_ACC.1, or FDP_IFC.1 FMT_SMR.1, SMT_SMF.1 FDP_ACC.2/Authentication_SFP, FDP_ACC.2/Authentication_SFP, and FDP_ACC.2/Card_Perso_SFP FMT_SMR.1, FMT_SMF.1 FMT_MTD.1 FMT_SMR.1, SMT_SMF.1 FMT_SMR.1, SMT_SMF.1 FMT_MTD.3 FMT_MTD.1 FMT_MTD.1 Requirements without dependency: FIA_UID.2, FIA_SOS.2, FIA_UAU.6, FIA_UAU.5, FDP_DAU.1, FIA_ATD.1, FPT_ITC.1, FTP_ITC.1/SE, FPT_RPL.1/SE, FTP_ITC.1/Watch, FPT_RPL.1/Watch, FPR_UNO.1, FDP_RIP.1, FMT_SMF.1 and FDP_SDI.1 Strong Customer Authentication for Apple Pay MacBook Air 2020 with M1 running macOS Big Sur 11.3.1 Security Target Copyright © 2022 Apple Inc. All rights reserved. This document may be reproduced and distributed only in its original entirety without revision Page 40 6.8.2.Rationale SFR/Security Objectives for the TOE Objective refer- ence Rationale OT.User_Auth FIA_UID.2 and FIA_UAU.2 enforce each User of the device is authenticated before being able to do any action in the user interface. FIA_UAU.5 specifies different authentication methods. FIA_UAU.6 enforces a re-authentication for the OS update, for changing the authentica- tion configuration, including biometric data management and biometric authentication policy or for a transaction validation. FMT_SMR.1 and FMT_SMF.1 SF ensure that the TSF shall maintain the roles Authenti- cated User and be capable of performing the management functions. FIA_ATD.1, FMT_MSA.3, FMT_MSA.1 and FMT_MTD.1 specify the management of re- lated information. FMT_MTD.3 specifies the signature verification on the OS update. FIA_AFL.1 (Biometric/Erase/Delay) specify the failure handling in case of wrong bio- metric or password authentication. FPR_UNO.1 ensures the non-observability of the password. FDP_ITT.1 also support this objective ensuring the biometric data is not modified or dis- closed during internal transfer. OT.Card_Data The SFP Card_Perso_SFP and the associated SFRs (FDP_ACC.2/Card_Perso_SFP, FDP_ACF.1/Card_Perso_SFP, FDP_ITC.1/Card_Perso_SFP and FDP_ETC.2/Card_Perso_SFP, FPT_ITC.1) enforce card data stored in the wallet does not include sensitive card data as this one is only sent to the Secure Element. Also, FTP_ITC.1/SE, FDP_UCT.1/SE and FDP_UIT.1/SE enforce that all the data ex- changed between the TSF and S.SE is protected (with their corresponding security property) by a trusted channel. FPR_UNO.1 ensures the non-observability of secret card data. FDP_SDI.1 ensures card data stored in containers controlled by the TSF are monitored for integrity errors. OT.Password_De- lete FDP_ACC.2/Card_Perso_SFP and FDP_ACF.1.4/Card_Perso_SFP enforce the card enroll- ment is not possible if Password_off is enabled. FIA_UAU.6 enforces a re-authentication for changing the Password_off configuration. FPR_UNO.1 ensures the non-observability of the password. OT.Card_Delete FDP_RIP.1 ensures the confidential parts of the card data are securely removed by the Secure Element. Refinement of FMT_MSA.1.1 ensures the secure delete in case of password turning off. FPR_UNO.1 ensures the non-observability of sensitive card data. OT.Auth_SE FIA_UID.2, FIA_UAU.2, FIA_UAU.5 specify the base of the authentication feature. FIA_AFL.1/Biometric enhance the biometric security limiting the authentication attempts before requiring password authentication. Other FIA_AFL.1 protect the TSF and the user data against brute force attacks. FIA_UAU.6 specifies the re-authentication for some functions of the TOE. Strong Customer Authentication for Apple Pay MacBook Air 2020 with M1 running macOS Big Sur 11.3.1 Security Target Copyright © 2022 Apple Inc. All rights reserved. This document may be reproduced and distributed only in its original entirety without revision Page 41 Objective refer- ence Rationale OT.Payment FDP_ETC.2.4/Transaction ensures the transaction details are displayed before a trans- action is validated by the User. FIA_UAU.6 ensures each transaction is validated by a re-authentication. FDP_DAU.1 provides evidences of the validity of Apple Pay Transaction Data, verifiable by the Issuer. FDP_ACC.2/Payment_SFP and FDP_ACF.2/Payment_SFP ensure user authorization is done before each transaction. FPT_RPL.1/SE ensures transaction replay detection. OT.Bio_Delete FDP_RIP.1 ensures biometric data delete is a secure erase. OT.Disk_Erase FDP_RIP.1 ensures all sensitive data is securely removed during a disk erase OT.Anti_Replay FDP_ETC.2.4/Transaction ensures a unique identifier provided by the Apple server is in- cluded in the transaction data, avoiding any replay attack. OT.OS_Update FIA_UAU.6.1 ensures S.User is re-authenticated before the OS update proceeds. The refinement of FIA_ATD.1.1 ensures that all the user data with impact on the TSF be- havior are not modified during the OS update process. FDP_SDI.1 ensures D.OS stored in containers controlled by the TSF is monitored for in- tegrity errors. OT.Watch FTP_ITC.1/Watch, FDP_UCT.1/Watch, FDP_UIT.1/Watch, FIA_SOS.2, FPR_UNO.1 and FPT_RPL.1/Watch enforce that all the data exchanged between the TSF and S.Ap- ple_Watch is protected by a trusted channel regarding the confidentiality and the integ- rity. The protected operations are specified by FDP_ACC.2/Authentication_SFP and FDP_ACF.1/Authentication_SFP. 6.8.3.SAR Dependencies TOE SAR Dependencies ADV_ARC.1 ADV_FSP.1, ADV_TDS.1 ADV_FSP.3 ADV_TDS.1 ADV_TDS.1 ADV_FSP.2 AGD_OPE.1 ADV_FSP.1 AGD_PRE.1 No dependencies ALC_CMC.2 ALC_CMS.1 ALC_CMS.2 No dependencies ALC_DEL.1 No dependencies ALC_FLR.3 No dependencies ASE_CCL.1 ASE_INT.1, ASE_ECD.1, ASE_REQ.1 ASE_ECD.1 No dependencies ASE_INT.1 No dependencies ASE_OBJ.2 ASE_SPD.1 ASE_REQ.2 ASE_OBJ.2, ASE_ECD.1 Strong Customer Authentication for Apple Pay MacBook Air 2020 with M1 running macOS Big Sur 11.3.1 Security Target Copyright © 2022 Apple Inc. All rights reserved. This document may be reproduced and distributed only in its original entirety without revision Page 42 TOE SAR Dependencies ASE_SPD.1 No dependencies ASE_TSS.1 ASE_INT.1, ASE_REQ.1, ADV_FSP.1 ATE_COV.1 ADV_FSP.2, ATE_FUN.1 ATE_FUN.1 ATE_COV.1 ATE_IND.2 ADV_FSP.2, AGD_OPE.1, AGD_PRE.1, ATE_COV.1, ATE_FUN.1 AVA_VAN.2 ADV_ARC.1, ADV_FSP.2, ADV_TDS.1, AGD_OPE.1, AGD_PRE.1 All the dependencies are covered. 6.8.4. SAR Rationale For this evaluation, the SARs of EAL2 have been chosen as they provide assurance by a full security target and an analysis of the SFRs in that ST, using a functional and interface specification, guidance documentation and a basic description of the architecture of the TOE, to understand the security behav- ior. It was established that this level is appropriate for the model of attack of Apple Pay. ADV_FSP.3 augmentation has been chosen to enhance the level of information provided related to SFR- enforcing TSFIs and provide a complete summary of the TOE. ALC_FLR.3 augmentation has been chosen to guarantee the security of the security functions in the scope of this security target during the maintenance of the TOE. Strong Customer Authentication for Apple Pay MacBook Air 2020 with M1 running macOS Big Sur 11.3.1 Security Target Copyright © 2022 Apple Inc. All rights reserved. This document may be reproduced and distributed only in its original entirety without revision Page 43 7. TOE Summary Specification This section describes the security functions of the TOE covering the SFR of the previous chapter. 7.1. SF User authentication and management When using the TOE, before being able to use Touch ID as a biometric authentication method, the device must be set up so that a password is required to unlock it. Touch ID is Apple’s fingerprint authentication system that enables the secure access to a MacBook Air equipped with the Touch ID sensor. This technology is based on the Touch ID sensor and the Secure Enclave. When Touch ID detects a successful match, the device unlocks without asking for the device password. Touch ID does not replace the password but provides easy access to the device within defined bound- aries and time constraints. To use Touch ID, the device must be set up so that a password is required to unlock it. The password can always be used instead of biometrics, and the password is required under the follow- ing circumstances: • The device has just been turned on or restarted • The User has not unlocked their device for more than 48 hours • The User has not used their password to unlock their device for 156 hours (six and a half days), and the User has not used a biometric to unlock their device in 4 hours • The device has received a remote lock command • There were five unsuccessful biometric match attempts (though for usability, the device might of- fer entering a password instead of using biometrics after a smaller number of failures) These features implement the requirements listed in §6.2 and in §6.3.1 for the authentication, in §6.6 for local data protection and in FMT_SMF.1 and FMT_MSA.1 for management. Unlock with a paired Apple (requirements in §6.5 for secure communication with Apple Watch) Watch gives the user the capability to use their optional paired Apple Watch in order to: • Unlock the TOE • Approve other requests (related to the security functions of the TOE) to enter their administrator password. These requests do not include user authentication for Apple Pay transactions. The following table summarizes the functions supporting User authentication. Function Description Password authentica- tion Password_Setup: Setup of the device’s password. Password_Update: Update of the device’s password. Password_Verify: Authentication of the User using password. Password_Delete: Removal of the password Biometric authentication Bio_Enroll: Enrollment of biometrics credential (first, or additional). Bio_Update: Update of biometrics. Bio_Verify: Authentication of the User using biometrics. Bio_Delete: Delete an enrolled biometrics credential (one, or all). Unlock_With_Watch_Setup: Enable the feature « Unlock with Apple Watch ». Strong Customer Authentication for Apple Pay MacBook Air 2020 with M1 running macOS Big Sur 11.3.1 Security Target Copyright © 2022 Apple Inc. All rights reserved. This document may be reproduced and distributed only in its original entirety without revision Page 44 Unlock with Apple Watch Unlock_With_Watch_Check: Secure process to import the Unlock Secret to the TOE’s Secure Enclave for unlocking the device and approvals prompts. 7.1.1.Password_Setup The TOE offers a configuration setting where the User can set up a password that will be used to perform authentication in order to access restricted services on the device including: first unlock after power-on or reboot, Apple Pay transactions, Apple Pay Transfers, and more. The TOE enforces strong access con- trols in order to prevent access to these restricted services without authentication (FIA_UID.2). Note: The User has the possibility to use password or any other activated (with enrolled templates) authentication method to perform unlock (beyond first unlock) or Apple Pay transactions. The TOE ensures the non-observability of the password during the setting process within the Secure Enclave (FPR_UNO.1). 7.1.2.Password_Verify The TOE offers password entry to the User as part of the device unlock procedure, or during the User authorization step of an Apple Pay transaction. The User might have selected the default method as being biometrics, but password verification is always possible (as a fallback or by User choice). The TSFs ensure that password verification preserves the secrecy of the password value set by the User, which is expected in order to prevent an attacker from guessing the code by observing the verification process (FPR_UNO.1). The TOE ensures that the verification process would not validate a code that does not match the password set by the User and detect alterations to the configured value (FDP_SDI.1), prevent- ing use of the User account (and related data) and forcing a device panic. To discourage brute-force password attacks, the TOE authentication failure policy is escalating time delays after the entry of an invalid password (FIA_AFL.1/Delay) or switching the boot into recoveryOS after 10 attempts (FIA_AFL.1/Recovery). 7.1.3.Password_Update The User can update the password value through the device’s settings menu. This functions as a verify operation, as knowledge of the previous password value is required to proceed to the setup step where the User types a new value and effectively updates the value in the Secure Enclave (FIA_UAU.2, FDP_ACC.2/Authentication_SFP and FDP_ACF.1/Authentication_SFP). The TOE ensures the non-ob- servability of the old password during the verification as well as of the new password during the setting process (FPR_UNO.1). The TOE also enforces password alteration detection, preventing a corrupted password from being used to reset the authentication function (FDP_SDI.1). 7.1.4.Password_Delete If the User wants to fully remove the use of the password on the device, because this would not allow an adequate security level for the processing of the TSF, the actual password is disabled and the iCloud Account information and all the Apple Pay data is deallocated. (FDP_RIP.1). To prevent misuse of the password deletion function, the User is required to first verify the current password before proceeding (FIA_UAU.2, FDP_ACC.2/Authentication_SFP and FDP_ACF.1/Authentication_SFP), and the TOE pro- tects the password secrecy during the verification process in case an attacker was to use this path for attempting an observation-based attack (FPR_UNO.1). Strong Customer Authentication for Apple Pay MacBook Air 2020 with M1 running macOS Big Sur 11.3.1 Security Target Copyright © 2022 Apple Inc. All rights reserved. This document may be reproduced and distributed only in its original entirety without revision Page 45 The Secure Element, in the TOE Environment, is responsible for securely deleting the Apple Pay card data during this process. 7.1.5.Bio_Enroll The TOE offers biometric authentication through the Touch ID service. To use Touch ID, the User must set up the device so that a password is required to unlock it, and password verification is required to be able to perform any modifications to the biometrics setting. Access to the fingerprint enrollment and the setting for enabling biometrics for Apple Pay, is gated by this password verification (FIA_UAU.2, FDP_ACC.2/Authentication_SFP and FDP_ACF.1/Authentication_SFP). The Secure Enclave inside the TOE ensures the non-observability of the new biometrics during the enrollment process (FPR_UNO.1). A User can enroll 5 fingerprints for Touch ID. 7.1.6.Bio_Update Once a fingerprint is enrolled on a device, the User can update it within the settings of the Touch ID feature, for which access is gated by the password (FIA_UAU.2, FDP_ACC.2/ Authentication_SFP and FDP_ACF.1/ Authentication_SFP). After a successful password verification, the User can reset Touch ID, deleting the associated templates, and re-enroll their fingerprint later. This procedure is effectively en- forcing the same security principles as a deletion (Bio_Delete), and an enrollment (Bio_Enroll): the Secure Enclave ensures that biometric data integrity is preserved, its manipulation is protected from observa- tion, and the deallocation prevents attackers from finding any residual information (FPR_UNO.1, FDP_SDI.1, and FDP_RIP.1). 7.1.7.SF.Bio_Verify After the disk is erased and password is entered to allow the device’s normal mode of operation, the biometric authentication function is offered to the User as the default means for authentication means, if it is enabled, for device unlock, Apple Pay transactions. The User will present their biometric features to the device’s biometric sensor, and the Secure Enclave will securely perform the verification of the submitted template to the enrolled biometric template(s). The Secure Enclave ensures the non-observ- ability and integrity monitoring of the biometric templates during the verification process (FPR_UNO.1 and FDP_SDI.1). In case of verification failure, which means the TOE was not able to find a successful match, an authentication failure policy is enforced and password verification is required before the bio- metric authentication function is enabled again (FIA_AFL.1/Biometric). 7.1.8.Bio_Delete The User has the capability to delete all enrolled biometrics from the Touch ID settings on the device using the Reset Touch ID option. This function deletes the associated template of all the fingerprints enrolled. This function, like the others, is gated by the password (FIA_UAU.2, FDP_ACC.2/ Authentica- tion_SFP and FDP_ACF.1/ Authentication SFP). The deletion process ensures that no residual information of the deallocated data is left behind or leaked to a potential observer (FDP_RIP.1, and FPR_UNO.1). 7.1.9.Unlock_With_Watch_Setup Optionally, the User can decide to enable a feature called “Unlock with Apple Watch” so that the Mac- Book Air can be unlocked by the Watch. Enabling this feature requires the User to enter the password on the MacBook Air (FDP_ACC.2/Authentication_SFP, FDP_ACF.1/ Authentication _SFP and FMT_MSA.1) before the setup process is started. Strong Customer Authentication for Apple Pay MacBook Air 2020 with M1 running macOS Big Sur 11.3.1 Security Target Copyright © 2022 Apple Inc. All rights reserved. This document may be reproduced and distributed only in its original entirety without revision Page 46 During this process, the TOE Secure Enclave creates a non-predictable Unlock Secret (FIA_SOS.2 and FPR_UNO.1). The TOE’s Secure Enclave securely exports the Unlock Secret to the paired Watch’s Secure Enclave applying security measures to the sensitive asset with Secure Enclave/Watch Pairing Secret (FTP_ITC.1/Watch, FDP_UCT.1/Watch, FDP_UIT.1/Watch, FPT_RPL.1). Until the feature is disabled, the TOE maintains the security attributes and assets of the Unlock with Apple Watch process, including the Unlock Secret (FIA_ATD.1). 7.1.10.Unlock_With_Watch_Check Optionally, if the User enabled the feature called “Unlock with Apple Watch”, the MacBook Air user can use a paired watch to: • Unlock the device • Approve other requests (related to the security functions of the TOE) to enter their administrator password During this process, the paired Watch’s Secure Enclave securely imports the Unlock Secret to the TOE’s Secure Enclave, applying security measures to the sensitive asset with Secure Enclave/Watch Pairing Secret (FTP_ITC.1/Watch, FDP_UCT.1/Watch, FDP_UIT.1/Watch, FPT_RPL.1). 7.2. SF Biometric/Secure Enclave secure channel The TSF protects the data exchanged between the biometric sensor and the Secure Enclave against disclosure and modification (FDP_ITT.1) 7.3. SF Secure Enclave/Secure Element secure channel The TSF is able to initialize a secure channel with the Secure Element (FTP_ITC.1/SE). This secure chan- nel protects the exchanged data with its corresponding security property: against disclosure (FDP_UCT.1/SE), modification (FDP_UIT.1/SE) and replay (FPT_RPL.1/SE). 7.4. SF Secure Enclave/Watch secure channel The TSF is able to initialize a secure channel to S.Watch (FTP_ITC.1/Watch). This secure channel pro- tects the exchanged data against disclosure (FDP_UCT.1/Watch), modification (FDP_UIT.1/Watch) and replay (FPT_RPL.1/Watch). Strong Customer Authentication for Apple Pay MacBook Air 2020 with M1 running macOS Big Sur 11.3.1 Security Target Copyright © 2022 Apple Inc. All rights reserved. This document may be reproduced and distributed only in its original entirety without revision Page 47 7.5. SF Card Data management The following table summarizes the functions supporting Card Data management. Function Description Apple Pay card data management AP_Card_Provisioning: Provisioning of a new Card for Apple Pay. AP_Cancellation: User removes a card from Apple Wallet. AP_Revocation: Issuer initiated suspend/unlink of an Apple Pay Card in Wallet. 7.5.1.AP_Card_Provisioning On the TOE, there are different ways to add a card into Apple Wallet: • Adding a card manually • Adding cards on file from an iTunes Store account to Apple Pay • Adding cards from a card issuer’s website The first three modes are only available to an authenticated User on the device, with the password ena- bled (FIA_UAU.2, FDP_ACC.2/Card_Perso_SFP, and FDP_ACF.1/Card_Perso_SFP). When a User adds a card to Wallet, the TSF encrypts card data (FPT_ITC.1) and sends it to Apple servers (FDP_ETC.2/Card_Perso_SFP). Full card numbers are not stored on the device (FDP_ITC.1/Card_Perso_SFP) or on Apple servers. Integrity protection is in place to prevent alteration of the enrolled Apple Pay card data (FDP_SDI.1). 7.5.2.AP_Cancellation When the User decides to remove an Apple Pay card from the Apple Wallet, the TSF orders the Secure Element to securely invalidate and remove the Device Account Number (FDP_RIP.1). 7.5.3.AP_Revocation When the Issuer decides to suspend or unlink an Apple Pay card from the Apple Wallet of a TOE User, the TSF orders the Secure Element to securely invalidate and remove the Device Account Number (FDP_RIP.1). 7.6. SF Payment management When a device initiates an Apple Pay transaction, the Secure Element, in the TOE Environment, only allows a payment to be made after it receives authorization from the Secure Enclave. This involves con- firming the User has provided intent and has authenticated with biometric authentication, or using the device password (FDP_ACC.2/Payment_SFP, FDP_ACF.1/Payment_SFP, and FMT_SMR.1). Biometric authentication is the default method if available, but the password can be used at any time. A password is automatically offered after three unsuccessful attempts to match biometrics; after five unsuccessful attempts, the password is required. A password is also required when biometric authentication is not configured or not enabled for Apple Pay (FMT_SMF.1, FMT_MSA.1). Apple Pay includes an anti-replay mechanism that prevents transactions from being repeated by includ- ing in D.Payment_Data (An Apple Pay server nonce). Strong Customer Authentication for Apple Pay MacBook Air 2020 with M1 running macOS Big Sur 11.3.1 Security Target Copyright © 2022 Apple Inc. All rights reserved. This document may be reproduced and distributed only in its original entirety without revision Page 48 The processing of the Apple Pay transaction happens in the TOE Environment, on the Secure Element, using the secret card data, the Transaction Token and producing a payment cryptogram. The TOE en- sures that the payment evidence transmitted back to the Issuer for processing (through a Terminal or network) was authorized by the User (FIA_UAU.6 Re-authenticating). In the case of Apple Pay online transactions, which are processed through the Apple Pay server, this integrity protection ensures the Dynamic Linking of the transaction data by a cryptographic based Authentication Code as exposed in the PSD2 regulation. The Apple Pay server ensures the integrity of the Dynamic Linking, and the Issuer verifies that it corresponds to a valid transaction, containing the right Transaction Token and produced by a genuine Apple Pay card (FDP_DAU.1). The exported user data (transaction data displayed to S.User) is controlled by FDP_ETC.2/Transaction. The Secure Element, in the TOE Environment, is responsible for ensuring the confidentiality of the Apple Pay Card data during the transaction processing. The following table summarizes the function supporting Payment management. TSF Description AP_Transaction Processing of an Apple Pay transaction. 7.7. SF OS Update An OS update can be offered at any time by Apple to the User. The User is required to authenticate through a password verification, or the update cannot be installed (FIA_UAU.6, FIA_UAU.2, FMT_MTD.3). The OS update preserves the user attributes, especially the card data, the password, the enrolled bio- metric patterns, and other authentication parameters (FIA_ATD.1). The ability to update the D.OS is restricted to Authenticated user (FMT_MTD.1). 7.8. SF iCloud logout & disk erase An iCloud logout is performed when the User unlinks a device from an iCloud account. When this hap- pens, the TOE ensures that the iCloud Account related data is securely deallocated, and that no residual information is left behind (FDP_RIP.1). The most destructive security function available to the User on a macOS device is the disk erase, as it erases of all the User data. When this is performed, the TOE ensures that all the sensitive data deallo- cated as part of a disk erase is protected from leaving residual information. This covers the iCloud Ac- count information, all the Apple Pay Card Data, and the User authentication data like password and bio- metrics (FDP_RIP.1). Strong Customer Authentication for Apple Pay MacBook Air 2020 with M1 running macOS Big Sur 11.3.1 Security Target Copyright © 2022 Apple Inc. All rights reserved. This document may be reproduced and distributed only in its original entirety without revision Page 49 Change History Date Version Author Comments 2021-09-10 1.0 Apple Initialization of the Security Target 2021-10-15 1.1 Apple Minor updates 2021-11-19 1.2 Apple Updates according to internal reviews 2021-12-17 1.3 Apple Minor fixes 2022-01-17 1.4 Apple Minor fixes 2022-02-15 1.5 Apple Minor fixes 2022-04-15 1.6 Apple Updates according to internal reviews