FIPS 140-2 Non-Proprietary Security Policy
FortiOS 6.4/7.0
FortiOS 6.4/7.0 FIPS 140-2 Non-Proprietary Security Policy
Document Version: 1.8
Publication Date: Wednesday, February 15, 2023
Description: Documents FIPS 140-2 Level 1 Security Policy requirements and FIPS compliant operation.
Firmware Version: FortiOS 6.4 (FIPS-CC-64-5) and FortiOS 7.0 (FIPS-CC-70-6)
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FortiOS 6.4/7.0 FIPS 140-2 Non-Proprietary Security Policy
01-640-750228-20210929
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Overview 4
References 4
Introduction 5
Security Level Summary 6
Module Descriptions 7
Module Interfaces 10
Web-Based Manager 11
Command Line Interface 11
Roles, Services and Authentication 11
Roles 11
FIPS Approved Services 12
Non-FIPS Approved Services 14
Authentication 14
Operational Environment 15
Cryptographic Key Management 16
Random Number Generation 16
Entropy 16
Key Zeroization 16
Algorithms 16
Cryptographic Keys and Critical Security Parameters 19
Alternating Bypass Feature 24
Key Archiving 24
Mitigation of Other Attacks 24
FIPS 140-2 Compliant Operation 26
Enabling FIPS-CC Mode 27
Self-Tests 28
Startup and Initialization Self-tests 28
Conditional Self-tests 28
Critical Function Self-tests 29
Error State 29
FIPS 140-2 Non-Proprietary Security Policy Fortinet, Inc.
Overview 4
Overview
This document is a FIPS 140-2 Security Policy for the Fortinet FortiOS 6.4 and 7.0 firmware, which run on the FortiGate
family of Next Generation Firewalls. This policy describes how the FortiOS 6.4 and 7.0 firmware (hereafter referred to as
the ‘modules’) meets the FIPS 140-2 security requirements and how to operate the modules in a FIPS compliant
manner. This policy was created as part of the FIPS 140-2 Level 1 validation of the modules.
The Federal Information Processing Standards Publication 140-2 - Security Requirements for Cryptographic Modules
(FIPS 140-2) details the United States Federal Government requirements for cryptographic modules. Detailed
information about the FIPS 140-2 standard and validation program is available on the NIST (National Institute of
Standards and Technology) website at http://csrc.nist.gov/groups/STM/cmvp/index.html.
References
This policy deals specifically with operation and implementation of the modules in the technical terms of the FIPS 140-2
standard and the associated validation program. Other Fortinet product manuals, guides and technical notes can be
found at the Fortinet technical documentation website at https://docs.fortinet.com.
Additional information on the entire Fortinet product line can be obtained from the following sources:
l Find general product information in the product section of the Fortinet corporate website at
https://www.fortinet.com/products.
l Find on-line product support for registered products in the technical support section of the Fortinet corporate website at
https://www.fortinet.com/support.
l Find contact information for technical or sales related questions in the contacts section of the Fortinet corporate website at
https://www.fortinet.com/contact.
l Find security information and bulletins in the FortiGuard Center of the Fortinet corporate website at
https://www.fortiguard.com.
FIPS 140-2 Non-Proprietary Security Policy Fortinet, Inc.
Introduction 5
Introduction
The FortiGate family of Next Generation Firewalls spans the full range of network environments, from SOHO to service
provider, offering cost effective systems for any size of application. FortiGate appliances detect and eliminate the most
damaging, content-based threats from email and Web traffic such as viruses, worms, intrusions, inappropriate Web
content and more in real time — without degrading network performance. In addition to providing application level
firewall protection, FortiGate appliances deliver a full range of network-level services — VPN, intrusion prevention, web
filtering, antivirus, antispam and traffic shaping — in dedicated, easily managed platforms.
All FortiGate appliances employ Fortinet’s unique FortiASIC content processing chip and the powerful, secure, FortiOS
firmware achieve breakthrough price/performance. The unique, ASIC-based architecture analyzes content and behavior
in real time, enabling key applications to be deployed right at the network edge where they are most effective at
protecting enterprise networks. They can be easily configured to provide antivirus protection, antispam protection and
content filtering in conjunction with existing firewall, VPN, and related devices, or as complete network protection
systems. The modules support High Availability (HA) in both Active-Active (AA) and Active-Passive (AP) configurations.
FortiGate appliances support the IPsec industry standard for VPN, allowing VPNs to be configured between a FortiGate
appliance and any client or gateway/firewall that supports IPsec VPN. FortiGate appliances also provide SSL VPN
services using TLS 1.1 and 1.2.
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Security Level Summary 6
Security Level Summary
The module meets the overall requirements for a FIPS 140-2 Level 1 validation.
Table 1: Summary of FIPS security requirements and compliance levels
Security Requirement Compliance Level
Cryptographic Module Specification 1
Cryptographic Module Ports and Interfaces 1
Roles, Services and Authentication 3
Finite State Model 1
Physical Security 1
Operational Environment n/a
Cryptographic Key Management 1
EMI/EMC 1
Self-Tests 1
Design Assurance 2
Mitigation of Other Attacks 1
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Module Descriptions 7
Module Descriptions
The modules consist of a firmware based operating system that runs exclusively on Fortinet’s FortiGate product family.
FortiGate units are PC-based, purpose built appliances. The FortiGate appliances are multiple chip, standalone
cryptographic modules consisting of production grade components contained in a physically protected enclosure. The
extent of the cryptographic boundary for the module is the outer metal chassis.
Figure 1: FortiOS physical cryptographic boundary
The Boot Device in the diagram above can refer to a separate, internal component or a partition on the Mass Storage
device. All references herein of ‘boot device’ shall refer to the configuration specific to the FortiGate appliance.
FIPS 140-2 Non-Proprietary Security Policy Fortinet, Inc.
Module Descriptions 8
Figure 2: FortiOS logical cryptographic boundary
For the purposes of FIPS 140-2 conformance testing, the module was tested on a FortiGate-61F appliance with
Fortinet's ARMv8 based SOC4 system on a chip. The extent of the physical cryptographic boundary is the FortiGate-
61F, however the validated modules are the FortiOS 6.4 and 7.0 firmware modules.
The validated firmware version identifiers are FortiOS 6.4 (FIPS-CC-64-5) and FortiOS 7.0 (FIPS-CC-70-6). Any
firmware loaded that is not shown on the module certificate, is out of the scope of this validation and requires a separate
FIPS 140-2 validation.
The modules can also be executed on any of the following FortiGate/FortiWiFi/FortiGateRugged appliances and remain
vendor affirmed FIPS-compliant.
Table 2: Vendor affirmed FIPS-compliant appliances
FortiGate/FortiWiFi-40F FortiGate-1500D-DC
FortiGate/FortiWiFi-40F-3G4G FortiGate-1800F
FortiGate/FortiWiFi-60E FortiGate-1801F
FortiGate/FortiWiFi-60E-DSL FortiGate-1800F-DC
FortiGate/FortiWiFi-60E-DSLJ FortiGate-1801F-DC
FortiGate-60E-PoE FortiGate-2000E
FortiGate/FortiWiFi-61E FortiGate-2200E
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Module Descriptions 9
FortiGate/FortiGateRugged/FortiWiFi-60F FortiGate-2201E
FortiGateRugged-60F-3G4G FortiGate-2500E
FortiWiFi-61F FortiGate-2600F
FortiGate-80E FortiGate-2601F
FortiGate-80E-PoE FortiGate-2600F-DC
FortiGate-81E FortiGate-2601F-DC
FortiGate-81E-PoE FortiGate-3000D
FortiGate-80F FortiGate-3000D-DC
FortiGate-81F FortiGate-3100D
FortiWiFi-80F-2R FortiGate-3100D-DC
FortiWiFi-81F-2R FortiGate-3000F ^^
FortiWiFi-81F-2R-3G4G-PoE FortiGate-3001F ^^
FortiWiFi-81F-2R-PoE FortiGate-3200D
FortiGate-80F-PoE FortiGate-3200D-DC
FortiGate-80F-BP FortiGate-3300E
FortiGate-81F-PoE FortiGate-3301E
FortiGate-90E FortiGate-3400E
FortiGate-91E FortiGate-3401E
FortiGate-100E FortiGate-3401E-DC
FortiGate-100EF FortiGate-3500F ^^
FortiGate-101E FortGate-3501F ^^
FortiGate-100F FortiGate-3600E
FortiGate-101F FortiGate-3600E-DC
FortiGate-140E FortiGate-3601E
FortiGate-140E-PoE FortiGate-3700D
FortiGate-200E FortiGate-3700D-DC
FortiGate-201E FortiGate-3700F ^^
FortiGate-200F FortiGate-3701F ^^
FortiGate-201F FortiGate-3800D
FortiGate-300D ** FortiGate-3800D-DC
FortiGate-300E FortiGate-3810D **
FortiGate-301E FortiGate-3810D-DC
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Module Descriptions 10
FortiGate-400D ** FortiGate-3815D **
FortiGate-400E FortiGate-3815D-DC
FortiGate-401E FortiGate-3960E
FortiGate-400E-BP FortiGate-3960E-DC
FortiGate-500D** FortiGate-3980E
FortiGate-500E FortiGate-3980E-DC
FortiGate-501E FortiGate-4200F
FortiGate-600D ** FortiGate-4201F
FortiGate-600E FortiGate-4200F-DC
FortiGate-601E FortiGate-4201F-DC
FortiGate-800D FortiGate-4400F
FortiGate-900D FortiGate-4401F
FortiGate-1000D FortiGate-4400F-DC
FortiGate-1100E FortiGate-4401F-DC
ForiGate-1100E-DC FortiGate-5001D **
FortiGate-1101E FortiGate-5001E
FortiGate-1200D FortiGate-5001E1
FortiGate-1500D/DT
** - Indicates that only FortiOS 6.4 (FIPS-CC-64-5) is available for this model - i.e. a FortiOS 7.0 FIPS 140-2 validated
build is not available for these models.
^^ - Indicates that only FortiOS 7.0 (FIPS-CC-70-6) is available for this model - i.e. a FortiOS 6.4 FIPS 140-2 validated
build is not available for these models.
Note that no claim can be made as to the correct operation of the module or the security strengths of the generated keys
when ported to an operational environment which is not listed on the validation certificate.
Module Interfaces
The module’s logical interfaces and physical ports are described in the table below.
Table 3: FortiOS logical interfaces and physical ports
FIPS 140 Interface Logical Interface Physical Interface
Data Input API input parameters Network interface, USB port
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Module Descriptions 11
FIPS 140 Interface Logical Interface Physical Interface
Data Output API output parameters Network Interface, USB port
Control Input API function calls Network Interface, serial
interface
Status Output API return values Network interface, serial interface
Power Input N/A The power supply is the power
interface
Web-Based Manager
The FortiGate web-based manager provides GUI based access to the modules and is the primary tool for configuring the
modules. The manager requires a web browser on the management computer and an Ethernet connection between the
FortiGate unit and the management computer.
A web-browser that supports Transport Layer Security 1.2 (or TLS 1.1 if permitted) is required for remote access to the
web-based manager when the module is operating in FIPS-CC mode. HTTP access to the web-based manager is not
allowed in FIPS-CC mode and is disabled.
Command Line Interface
The FortiGate Command Line Interface (CLI) is a full-featured, text based management tool for the module. The CLI
provides access to all of the possible services and configuration options in the module. The CLI uses a console
connection or a network (Ethernet) connection between the FortiGate unit and the management computer. The console
connection is a direct serial connection. Terminal emulation software is required on the management computer using
either method. For network access, a Telnet or SSH client that supports the SSH v2.0 protocol is required (SSH v1.0 is
not supported in FIPS-CC mode). Telnet access to the CLI is not allowed in FIPS-CC mode and is disabled.
Roles, Services and Authentication
Roles
When configured in FIPS-CC mode, the module provides the following roles:
l Crypto Officer
l Network User
The Crypto Officer role is initially assigned to the default ‘admin’ operator account. The Crypto Officer role has read-
write-execute access to all of the module’s administrative services. The initial Crypto Officer can create additional
operator accounts. These additional accounts are assigned the Crypto Officer role and can be assigned a range of read-
write-execute or read only access permissions including the ability to create operator accounts.
The modules also provide a Network User role for end-users (Users). Network Users can make use of the
encrypt/decrypt services, but cannot access the modules for administrative purposes.
The module does not provide a Maintenance role.
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Module Descriptions 12
FIPS Approved Services
The following tables detail the types of FIPS approved services available to each role in each mode of
operation, the types of access for each role and the Keys or CSPs they affect.
The access types are abbreviated as follows:
Read Access R
Write Access W
Execute Access E
Table 4: Services available to Crypto Officers
Service Access Key/CSP
connect to module locally using the
console port
WE N/A
connect to module remotely using TLS* WE Diffie-Hellman Keys, EC Diffie Hellman
Keys,TLS Premaster Secret, TLS Master
Secret, HTTPS/TLS Server/Host Key,
HTTPS/TLS Session Integrity Key, and
HTTPS/TLS Session Encryption Key, DRBG
v and key values, DRBG Output, DRBG
Seed, Entropy String, TLS Server Signatures
connect to module remotely using SSH* WE Diffie-Hellman Keys, SSH Server/Host Key,
SSH Session Authentication Key, SSH
Session Encryption Key, DRBG v and key
values, DRBG Output, DRBG Seed, Entropy
String
authenticate to module WE Crypto Officer Password
show system status N/A N/A
show FIPS-CC mode enabled/disabled
(console/CLI only)
N/A N/A
enable FIPS-CC mode of operation
(console only)
WE Configuration Integrity Key
key zeroization W All Keys
execute factory reset (disable FIPS-CC
mode, console/CLI only)
W N/A
execute FIPS-CC on-demand self-tests
(console only)
E Configuration Integrity Key, Firmware
Integrity Key
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Module Descriptions 13
Service Access Key/CSP
add/delete crypto officers and network
users
WE Crypto Officer Password, Network User
Password
set/reset crypto officers and network user
passwords
WE Crypto Officer Password, Network User
Password
backup/restore configuration file RWE Configuration Encryption Key, Configuration
Backup Key
read/set/delete/modify module
configuration*
N/A N/A
execute firmware update WE Firmware Update Key
read log data N/A N/A
delete log data (console/CLI only) N/A N/A
execute system diagnostics (console/CLI
only)
N/A N/A
enable/disable alternating bypass mode N/A N/A
read/set/delete/modify IPsec/SSL VPN
configuration*
W IPsec: IPsec Manual Authentication Key,
IPsec Manual Encryption Key, IKE Pre-
Shared Key, IKE RSA Key, IKE ECDSA Key,
Diffie-Hellman Keys, EC Diffie-Hellman Keys
SSL: HTTPS/TLS Server/Host Key,
HTTPS/TLS Session Integrity Key,
HTTPS/TLS Session Encryption Key
read/set/modify HA configuration WE HA Password, HA Encryption Key
log offloading to remote FortiAnalyzer
device*
E OFTP Client Key, Diffie-Hellman Keys, EC
Diffie-Hellman Keys, TLS Premaster Secret,
TLS Master Secret, HTTPS/TLS Session
Integrity Key, HTTPS/TLS Session
Encryption Key, HTTPS/TLS Server/Host
Key, DRBG v and key values, DRBG Output,
DRBG Seed, Entropy String
generate CSR with RSA or ECDSA WE RSA keys, ECDSA keys
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Module Descriptions 14
Table 5: Services available to Network Users in FIPS-CC mode
Service/CSP Access Key/CSP
connect to module remotely using TLS* WE Diffie-Hellman Keys, EC Diffie-Hellman
Keys, TLS Premaster Secret, TLS Master
Secret, HTTPS/TLS Server/Host Key,
HTTPS/TLS Session Integrity Key,
HTTPS/TLS Session Encryption Key, DRBG
v and key values, DRBG Output, DRBG
Seed, Entropy String, TLS Server Signatures
authenticate to module WE Network User Password
IPsec VPN controlled by firewall policies* E IPsec: IPsec Manual Authentication Key,
IPsec Manual Encryption Key, IPsec Session
Authentication Key, IPsec Session
Encryption Key, IKE Pre-Shared Key, IKE
RSA Key, IKE ECDSA Key, IKE SKEYSEED,
IKE Authentication Key, IKE Key Generation
Key, IKE Session Encryption Key, Diffie-
Hellman Keys, EC Diffie-Hellman Keys
SSL VPN controlled by firewall policies* E Network User Password, Diffie-Hellman
Keys, EC Diffie-Hellman Keys, TLS
Premaster Secret, TLS Master Secret,
HTTPS/TLS Server/Host Key, HTTPS/TLS
Session Integrity Key, HTTPS/TLS Session
Encryption Key, DRBG v and key values,
DRBG Output, DRBG Seed, Entropy String
Non-FIPS Approved Services
The module also provides the following non-FIPS approved services:
l Configuration backups using password protection
l L2TP and PPTP VPN
l Services marked with an asterisk (*) in Tables 4 and 5 are considered non-approved when using the following algorithms:
l Non-compliant-strength Diffie-Hellman
The above services shall not be used in the FIPS approved mode of operation.
Authentication
The module implements identity based authentication. Crypto Officers must authenticate with a user-id and password
combination to access the modules remotely or locally via the console. Remote Crypto Officer authentication is done
over HTTPS (TLS) or SSH. The password entry feedback mechanism does not provide information that could be used to
guess or determine the authentication data.
Authentication at level 3 is only applicable when identity-based authentication is enforced for the User role.
By default, Network User access to the modules is based on firewall policy and authentication by IP address or fully
qualified domain names. Network Users can optionally be forced to authenticate to the modules using a
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Module Descriptions 15
username/password combination to enable use of the IPsec VPN encrypt/decrypt or bypass services. For Network
Users invoking the SSL-VPN encrypt/decrypt services, the modules support authentication with a user-id/password
combination. Network User authentication is done over HTTPS and does not allow access to the modules for
administrative purposes.
The minimum password length is 8 characters when in FIPS-CC mode (maximum password length is 128 characters)
chosen from the set of ninety four (94) characters. New passwords are required to include 1 uppercase character, 1
lowercase character, 1 numeric character, and 1 special character. The odds of guessing a password are 1 in
3,346,172,314,938,369 which is significantly lower than one in a million.
Note that Crypto Officer authentication over HTTPS/SSH and Network User authentication over HTTPS are subject to a
limit of 3 failed authentication attempts in 1 minute; thus, the maximum number of attempts in one minute is 3. Therefore
the probability of a success with multiple consecutive attempts in a one-minute period is 3 in 3,346,172,314,938,369
which is less than 1/100,000.
Crypto Officer authentication using the console is not subject to a failed authentication limit, but the number of
authentication attempts per minute is limited by the bandwidth available over the serial connection which is a maximum
of 115,200 bps which is 6,912,000 bits per minute. An 8 byte password would have 64 bits, so there would be no more
than 108,000 passwords attempts per minute. Therefore the probability of success would be 1/
({3,346,172,314,938,369}/108,000) which is less than 1/100,000.
For Network Users invoking the IPsec VPN encrypt/decrypt services, the module acts on behalf of the Network User and
negotiates a VPN connection with a remote module. The strength of authentication for IPsec services is based on the
authentication method defined in the specific firewall policy: IPsec manual authentication key, IKE pre-shared key, IKE
RSA key (RSA certificate) or IKE ECDSA key (ECDSA certificate). The odds of guessing the authentication key for each
IPsec method is:
l 1 in 16^40 for the IPsec Manual Authentication key (based on a 40 digit, hexadecimal key)
l 1 in 94^8 for the IKE Pre-shared Key (based on an 8 character, ASCII printable key)
l 1 in 2^112 for the IKE RSA Key (based on a 2048 bit RSA key size)
l 1 in 2^128 for the IKE ECDSA Key (based on a P-256 curve ECDSA key size)
A gigabit ethernet connection is 1,048,576,000 bits per second which is 62,914,560,000 bits per minute. An 8-byte key
would have 64 bits, so there could be no more than 983,040,000 password attempts per minute. Therefore, the minimum
odds of guessing the IKE Preshared key for IPSec within a one-minute period is 1 in 94^8/983,040,000 which is less than
1 in 100,000. Similarly, for the IPsec Manual Authentication key, the minimum odds of Network Users guessing the key
within a minute would be 1 in 16^40/393,216,000. Guessing the IKE RSA key within a minute would be 1 in
2^112/561,737,143. Guessing the IKE ECDSA key within a minute would be 1 in 2^128/491,520,000.
Operational Environment
The module constitutes the entire firmware operating system for a FortiGate unit and can only be installed and run on a
FortiGate unit. The module provides a proprietary and non-modifiable operating system and does not provide a
programming environment.
For the purposes of FIPS 140-2 conformance testing, the module was tested on a FortiGate-61F unit.
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Module Descriptions 16
Cryptographic Key Management
Random Number Generation
The modules use a firmware based, deterministic random bit generator (DRBG) that conforms to NIST Special
Publication 800-90A.
Entropy
The entropy loaded into the approved AES-256 bit DRBG is 256 bits. The entropy source is over-seeded and then an
HMAC-SHA-256 post-conditioning component (as per section 3.1.5 of SP 800-90B) is applied. The entropy source
contains 0.82 bits of entropy per bit. Since the entropy source provides the full 256 bits, this is sufficient for the largest
key size that the module can produce.
The RBG is seeded during the boot process and then reseeded periodically. The default reseed period is once every 24
hours (1440 minutes) and is configurable (1 to 1440 minutes).
Key Zeroization
The zeroization process must be performed under the direct control of the operator. The operator must be present to
observe that the zeroization method has completed successfully.
All keys and CSPs are zeroized by erasing the module’s boot device and then power cycling the FortiGate unit. To erase
the boot device, execute the following command from the CLI:
execute erase-disk <boot device>
The boot device ID may vary depending on the FortiGate module. Executing the following command will output a list of
the available internal disks:
execute erase-disk ?
Algorithms
Table 6: FIPS approved algorithms
Algorithm NIST Cert Number
CTR DRBG (NIST SP 800-90A) with AES 256 bits A2225, A2229
AES in CBC mode (128, 192, and 256 bits) A2225, A2229, A2242, A2269, A2270
AES in GCM mode (128, 256 bits) A2225, A2229, A2242, A2269, A2270
SHA-1 A2225, A2229, A2242, A2269, A2270
SHA-224 A2269, A2270
SHA-256 A2269, A2270
SHA-384 A2269, A2270
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Module Descriptions 17
Algorithm NIST Cert Number
SHA-512 A2269, A2270
HMAC SHA-1 A2225, A2229, A2242, A2269, A2270
HMAC SHA-224 A2269, A2270
HMAC SHA-256 A2269, A2270
HMAC SHA-384 A2269, A2270
HMAC SHA-512 A2269, A2270
RSA PKCS 1.5
Key Pair Generation: 2048 and 3072-bit
Signature Generation: 2048 and 3072-bit
Signature Verification: 1024, 2048 and 3072-bit
For legacy use, the module supports 1024-bit RSA
keys and SHA-1 for signature verification
A2242, A2269, A2270
RSA PSS
Signature Generation: 2048 3072, and 4096-bit
Signature Verification: 1024, 2048, 3072 and 4096-bit
A2269, A2270
ECDSA
Key Pair Generation: curve P-256
A2269, A2270
ECDSA
Key Pair Generation: curve P-384
A2269, A2270
ECDSA
Key Pair Generation: curve P-521
A2269, A2270
ECDSA
Key Pair Verification: curve P-256
A2269, A2270
ECDSA
Key Pair Verification: curve P-384
A2269, A2270
ECDSA
Key Pair Verification: curve P-521
A2269, A2270
ECDSA
Signature Generation: curve P-256
A2269, A2270
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Module Descriptions 18
Algorithm NIST Cert Number
ECDSA
Signature Verification: curve P-256
A2269, A2270
ECDSA
Signature Generation: curve P-384
A2269, A2270
ECDSA
Signature Verification: curve P-384
A2269, A2270
ECDSA
Signature Generation: curve P-521
A2269, A2270
ECDSA
Signature Verification: curve P-521
A2269, A2270
ECDSA
Signature Generation: curve P-256
A2242
ECDSA
Signature Verification: curve P-256
A2242
CVL (KDF SSH) - AES 128 bit-, AES-192 bit, AES 256 bit -CBC
(using SHA1, SHA-256)
A2269, A2270
CVL (KDF TLS 1.1 and 1.2 (using SHA-256, SHA-384, SHA-
512))
A2269, A2270
CVL (KDF TLS 1.2 RFC7627(using SHA-256, SHA-384,SHA-
512))
A2269, A2270
CVL (KDF IKE v1 (using SHA-1, SHA2-224, SHA2-256, SHA2-
384, SHA2-512))
A2269, A2270
CVL (KDF IKE v2 (using SHA-1, SHA2-224, SHA2-256, SHA2-
384, SHA2-512))
A2269, A2270
KAS-ECC-SSC SP800-56Ar3: P-256, P-384, P-521
(ephemeralUnified)
A2269, A2270
KAS-FFC-SSC SP800-56Ar3: FC, ffdhe2048 (dhEphem) A2269, A2270
CVL (KDF SNMP) - Password length: 64 - 8192 A2269, A2270
ENT (P) N/A
KTS (AES Certs. #A2269 and #A2270 [128, 256-bit AES-CBC] and HMAC Certs. #A2269 and #A2270; key
establishment methodology provides 128 or 256 bits of encryption strength);
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Module Descriptions 19
KTS (AES Certs. #A2269 and #A2270 [128, 256-bit AES-GCM]; key establishment methodology provides 128 or 256
bits of encryption strength);
KAS-ECC-SSC provides between 128 and 256 bits of encryption strength;
KAS-FFC-SSC provides 112 bits of encryption strength;
KAS (KAS-SSC Certs. #A2269 and #A2270, CVL Certs. #A2269 and #A2270);
For AES GCM IPsec/IKEv2, RFC 7296 is used to establish the shared secret SKEYSEED from which the AES GCM
encryption keys are derived.
Table 7: Non-FIPS approved algorithms. Not Allowed.
Algorithm
Diffie-Hellman is non-compliant when keys less than 2048 bits are used, since such keys do not provide the
minimum required 112 bits of encryption strength.
The module implements the following non-NIST recommended curves: Curve25519 and Curve448. Until such time
as NIST SP 800-186 is published, these curves remain non-recommended by NIST. The module may employ
these curves for TLS interoperability; however, it is the responsibility of the operator to utilize cipher suites which
contain only NIST Approved cryptography.
Note that the IKE, SSH, SNMP, and TLS protocols, other than the KDF, have not been tested by the CMVP or CAVP as
per FIPS 140-2 Implementation Guidance D.11.
The module is compliant to IG A.5: GCM is used in the context of TLS and IKEv2/IPSec.
For TLS, The GCM implementation meets Option 1 of IG A.5: it is used in a manner compliant with SP 800-52 and in
accordance with RFC 5246 for TLS key establishment. The AES GCM IV generation is in compliance with RFC 5288
and shall only be used for the TLS protocol version 1.2 to be compliant with FIPS140-2 IG A.5, Option 1 (“TLS protocol IV
generation”); thus, those cipher suites implemented in the module that utilize AES-GCM are consistent with those
specified in Section 3.3.1.1.2 of [SP800-52, Rev2]. During operational testing, the module was tested against an
independent version of TLS and found to behave correctly.
For IPsec/IKEv2, the GCM implementation meets Option 1 of IG A.5: it is used in a manner compliant with RFCs 4106
and 7296. During operational testing, the module was tested against an independent version of IPsec with IKEv2 and
found to behave correctly.
For SSH, the module is compliant with RFC 4252, 4253, and 5647.
In case the module’s power is lost and then restored, the key used for the AES GCM encryption or decryption shall be re-
distributed.
There are algorithms, modes, and keys that have been CAVs tested but are not used by the module. Only the
algorithms, modes/methods, and key lengths/curves/moduli shown in the above tables are used by the module.
Note that the TLS KDF has only been CAVP tested for TLS 1.2 (and not TLS 1.1) for the FIPS-CC-70-6 firmware. Only
TLS 1.2 shall be used in the Approved mode of operation under FIPS-CC-70-6 firmware.
Cryptographic Keys and Critical Security Parameters
The following table lists all of the cryptographic keys and critical security parameters used by the modules. The following
definitions apply to the table.
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Module Descriptions 20
Table 8: Cryptographic Keys and Critical Security Parameters used in FIPS-CC mode
Key or CSP Generation Storage Usage Zeroization
Entropy string ENT (P) Boot device
Plain-text
Input string for the entropy
pool
By erasing the Boot
device and power
cycling the module
DRBG seed Internally
generated
SDRAM
SHA-256 hash
256 bit seed used by the
DRBG (output from ENT
(P))
By erasing the Boot
device and power
cycling the module
DRBG output Internally
generated
SDRAM
Plain-text
Random numbers used in
cryptographic algorithms
(256 bits)
By erasing the Boot
device and power
cycling the module
DRBG v and key
values
Internally
generated
SDRAM
Plain-text
Internal state values for
the DRBG 128 and 256
By erasing the Boot
device and power
cycling the module
IPsec Manual
Authentication Key
Electronic key
entry
Boot device
AES encrypted
Used as IPsec Session
Authentication Key
By erasing the Boot
device and power
cycling the module
IPsec Manual
Encryption Key
Electronic key
entry
SDRAM
Plain-text
Used as IPsec Session
Encryption Key using AES
(128, 256 bit)
By erasing the Boot
device and power
cycling the module
IPsec Session
Authentication Key
Internally
generated using
DRBG
SDRAM
Plain-text
IPsec peer-to-peer
authentication using
HMAC SHA-1 or HMAC
SHA-256
By erasing the Boot
device and power
cycling the module
IPsec Session
Encryption Key
Internally
generated via DH
or ECDH KAS
SDRAM
Plain-text
VPN traffic
encryption/decryption
using AES (128, 256 bit)
By erasing the Boot
device and power
cycling the module
IKE SKEYSEED Derived via KDF
defined in SP800-
135 (IKEv2)
SDRAM
Plain-text
Used to generate IKE
protocol keys
By erasing the Boot
device and power
cycling the module
IKE Pre-Shared Key Electronic key
entry
Boot device
AES encrypted
Used to generate IKE
protocol keys
By erasing the Boot
device and power
cycling the module
IKE Authentication
Key
Internally
generated using
DRBG
SDRAM
Plain-text
IKE peer-to-peer
authentication using
HMAC SHA-1 , -256, -384
or -512
By erasing the boot
device and power
cycling the module
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Module Descriptions 21
Key or CSP Generation Storage Usage Zeroization
IKE Key Generation
Key
Internally
generated using
DRBG
SDRAM
Plain-text
IPsec SA keying material By erasing the boot
device and power
cycling the module
IKE Session
Encryption Key
Internally
generated via DH
or ECDH KAS
SDRAM
Plain-text
Encryption of IKE peer-to-
peer key negotiation using
or AES (128, 256 bit)
By erasing the boot
device and power
cycling the module
IKE RSA Key Externally
generated
Boot device
AES encrypted
RSA private key used in
the IKE protocol (2048 and
3072 bit signatures)
By erasing the boot
device and power
cycling the module
IKE ECDSA Key Externally
generated
Boot device
AES encrypted
ECSDA private key used
in the IKE protocol
(signatures using P-256,
P-384 and P-521 curves)
By erasing the boot
device and power
cycling the module
Diffie-Hellman Keys Internally
generated using
DRBG
SDRAM
Plain-text
Key agreement and key
establishment (Public key
size of 2048 to 8192 bits
with Private key size of
224 to 400 bits)
By erasing the boot
device and power
cycling the module
EC Diffie-Hellman
Keys
Internally
generated using
DRBG
SDRAM
Plain-text
Key agreement and key
establishment (key pairs
on the curves secp256r1,
secp384r1 and
secp521r1)
By erasing the boot
device and power
cycling the module
Firmware Update
Key
Preconfigured Boot device
Plain-text
Verification of firmware
integrity when updating to
new firmware versions
using RSA public key
(firmware load test, 2048
bit signature)
By erasing the boot
device and power
cycling the module
Firmware Integrity
Key
Preconfigured Boot device
Plain-text
Verification of firmware
integrity in the firmware
integrity test using RSA
public key (firmware
integrity test, 2048 bit
signature)
By erasing the boot
device and power
cycling the module
TLS Premaster
Secret
Internally
generated via DH
or ECDH KAS
SDRAM
Plain-text
HTTPS/TLS keying
material
By erasing the boot
device and power
cycling the module
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Module Descriptions 22
Key or CSP Generation Storage Usage Zeroization
TLS Master Secret Internally
generated from
the TLS
Premaster Secret
SDRAM
Plain-text
384 bit master key used in
the HTTPS/TLS protocols
By erasing the boot
device and power
cycling the module
HTTPS/TLS
Server/Host Key
Preconfigured Boot device
AES encrypted
RSA private key used in
the HTTPS/TLS protocols
(key establishment, 2048
or 3072 bit)
By erasing the boot
device and power
cycling the module
HTTPS/TLS Session
Integrity Key
Internally
generated using
DRBG
SDRAM
Plain-text
HMAC SHA-1, -256 or -
384 key used for
HTTPS/TLS session
integrity
By erasing the boot
device and power
cycling the module
TLS Server
Signatures
Preconfigured Boot device
Plain-text
rsa_pkcs1 & rsa_pss_rsae
signatures used in TLS
By erasing the boot
device and power
cycling the module
HTTPS/TLS Session
Encryption Key
Internally
generated via DH
or ECDH KAS
SDRAM
Plain-text
AES (128, 256 bit) key
used for HTTPS/TLS
session encryption
By erasing the boot
device and power
cycling the module
SSH Server/Host
Key
Preconfigured Boot device
Plain-text
RSA private key used in
the SSH protocol (key
establishment, 2048 or
3072 bit)
By erasing the boot
device and power
cycling the module
SSH Session
Authentication Key
Internally
generated using
DRBG
SDRAM
Plain-text
HMAC SHA-1 or HMAC
SHA-256 key used for
SSH session
authentication
By erasing the boot
device and power
cycling the module
SSH Session
Encryption Key
Internally
generated via DH
or ECDH KAS
SDRAM
Plain-text
AES (128, 256 bit) key
used for SSH session
encryption
By erasing the boot
device and power
cycling the module
Crypto Officer
Password
Electronic key
entry
Boot device
SHA-256 hash
Used to authenticate
operator access to the
module
By erasing the boot
device and power
cycling the module
Configuration
Integrity Key
Preconfigured Boot device
Plain-text
HMAC SHA-256 hash
used for configuration
bypass test
By erasing the boot
device and power
cycling the module
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Module Descriptions 23
Key or CSP Generation Storage Usage Zeroization
Configuration
Encryption Key
Preconfigured Boot device
Plain-text
AES 256 bit key used to
encrypt CSPs on the Boot
device and in the backup
configuration file (except
for crypto officer
passwords in the backup
configuration file)
By erasing the boot
device and power
cycling the module
Configuration
Backup Key
Preconfigured Boot device
Plain-text
HMAC-SHA-256 key used
to hash crypto officer
passwords in the backup
configuration file
By erasing the boot
device and power
cycling the unit
Network User
Password
Electronic key
entry
Boot device
AES encrypted
Used to authenticate
network user access to the
module
By erasing the boot
device and power
cycling the unit
HA Password Electronic key
entry
Boot device
AES encrypted
Used to authenticate
FortiGate units in an HA
cluster
By erasing the boot
device and power
cycling the unit
HA Encryption Key Externally
generated
Boot device
AES encrypted
Encryption of traffic
between units in an HA
cluster using AES 128 bit
key
By erasing the boot
device and power
cycling the unit
OFTP Client Key Externally
generated
Boot device
AES encrypted
RSA private key used in
the OFTP/TLS protocol
(key establishment, 2048
bit signature)
By erasing the boot
device and power
cycling the module
RSA Keys Internally
generated using
DRBG
Boot device
Plain-text
RSA Key Pair from
RSA CSR generation
By erasing the boot
device and power
cycling the module
ECDSA Keys Internally
generated using
DRBG
Boot device
Plain-text
ECDSA Key Pair from
ECDSA CSR generation
By erasing the boot
device and power
cycling the module
The Generation column lists all of the keys/CSPs and their entry/generation
methods. Electronically entered keys are entered by the operator electronically
(as defined by FIPS) using the console or a management computer. Pre-
configured keys are set as part of the firmware (hardcoded) and are not operator
modifiable.
Externally generated keys are generated outside the module and loaded by the
operator electronically and are not compliant with SP 800-133 unless they were
generated by another FIPS validated module.
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Module Descriptions 24
Alternating Bypass Feature
The primary cryptographic function of the module is as a firewall and VPN device. The module implements two forms of
alternating bypass for VPN traffic: policy based (for IPsec and SSL VPN) and interface based (for IPsec VPN only).
Policy Based VPN
Firewall policies with IPsec or SSL-VPN mean that the firewall is functioning as a VPN start/end point for the specified
source/destination addresses and will encrypt/decrypt traffic according to the policy. Firewall policies with an action of
accept mean that the firewall is accepting/sending plaintext data for the specified source/destination addresses.
A firewall policy with an action of accept means that the module is operating in a bypass state for that policy. A firewall
policy with IPsec or SSL-VPN means that the module is operating in a non-bypass state for that policy.
Interface Based VPN
Interface based VPN is supported for IPsec only. A virtual interface is created and any traffic routed to the virtual
interface is encrypted and sent to the VPN peer. Traffic received from the peer is decrypted. Traffic through the virtual
interface is controlled using firewall policies. However, unlike policy based VPN, the action is restricted to Accept or
Deny and all traffic controlled by the policy is encrypted/decrypted.
When traffic is routed over the non-virtual interface, the module is operating in a bypass state. When traffic is routed over
the virtual interface, the module is operating in a non-bypass state.
In both cases, two independent internal actions must be taken to create a bypass firewall policies.
Key Archiving
The module supports key archiving to a management computer as part of the module configuration file backup. Operator
entered keys are archived as part of the module configuration file. The configuration file is stored in plain text, but keys in
the configuration file are either AES encrypted using the Configuration Encryption Key or stored as a keyed hash using
HMAC SHA-256 using the Configuration Backup Key.
Mitigation of Other Attacks
The module includes a real-time Intrusion Prevention System (IPS) as well as antivirus protection, web content filtering,
DNS filtering, application control and data leak prevention. Use of these capabilities is optional.
The FortiOS IPS has two components: a signature based component for detecting attacks passing through the FortiGate
appliance and a local attack detection component that protects the firewall from direct attacks. Functionally, signatures
are similar to virus definitions, with each signature designed to detect a particular type of attack. The IPS signatures are
updated through the FortiGuard IPS service. The IPS engine can also be updated through the FortiGuard IPS service.
FortiOS antivirus protection removes and optionally quarantines files infected by viruses from web (HTTP), file transfer
(FTP), and email (POP3, IMAP, and SMTP) content as it passes through the FortiGate modules. FortiOS antivirus
protection also controls the blocking of oversized files and supports blocking by file extension. Virus signatures are
updated through the FortiGuard antivirus service. The antivirus engine can also be updated through the FortiGuard
antivirus service.
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Module Descriptions 25
FortiOS antispam protection tags (SMTP, IMAP, POP3) or discards (SMTP only) email messages determined to be
spam. Multiple spam detection methods are supported including the FortiGuard managed antispam service.
FortiOS web filtering can be configured to provide web (HTTP) content filtering. FortiOS web filtering uses methods such
as banned words, address block/exempt lists, and the FortiGuard managed content service.
FortiOS DNS filtering can be configured to provide web content (HTTP/HTTPS) content filtering based on DNS domain
lookup. FortiOS DNS filtering uses the FortiGuard DNS database.
FortiOS application control can detect and take action against network traffic depending on the application generating
the traffic. FortiOS application control uses the FortiGuard application control database.
FortiOS data leak prevention is used to prevent sensitive data from leaving your network. After sensitive data patterns
are defined, data matching the patterns will either be blocked or logged and then allowed.
Whenever a IPS, antivirus, or other filtering event occurs, the modules can record the event in the log and/or send an
alert email to an operator.
For complete information refer to the FortiGate Installation Guide for the specific module in question, the FortiGate
Administration Guide and the FortiGate IPS Guide.
FIPS 140-2 Non-Proprietary Security Policy Fortinet, Inc.
FIPS 140-2 Compliant Operation 26
FIPS 140-2 Compliant Operation
The Fortinet hardware is shipped in a non-FIPS 140-2 compliant configuration. The following steps must be performed to
put the module into a FIPS compliant configuration:
1. Download the model specific FIPS validated firmware image and checksum from the Fortinet Support site at
https://support.fortinet.com/
2. Use a hashing utility on the downloaded firmware image to compare and verify the output against the result
from the checksum listing.
3. Install the FIPS validated firmware image from a TFTP server using the BIOS boot menu. To access the BIOS
boot menu, use the console connection and press any key when the "Press any key to display the
configuration menu" option is displayed during the boot process. Then select "[T]: Initiate TFTP firmware
transfer" and follow the instructions to complete the installation of the firmware image.
4. Enable the FIPS-CC mode of operation as per the "Enabling FIPS-CC Mode" section.
Additional information can be found in the FortiOS 6.4 and 7.0 "FIPS 140-2 and Common Criteria Technote" that can be
found on the Fortinet technical documentation website at https://docs.fortinet.com.
In addition, FIPS 140-2 compliant operation requires both that you use the module in its FIPS-CC mode of operation and
that you follow secure procedures for installation and operation of the FortiGate unit. You must ensure that:
l The FortiGate unit is configured in the FIPS-CC mode of operation.
l The FortiGate unit is installed in a secure physical location.
l Physical access to the FortiGate unit is restricted to authorized operators.
l Administrative passwords are at least 8 characters long.
l Administrative passwords are changed regularly.
l Administrator account passwords must have the following characteristics:
l One (or more) of the characters must be capitalized
l One (or more) of the characters must be lower case
l One (or more) of the characters must be numeric
l One (or more) of the characters must be non alpha-numeric (e.g. punctuation mark)
l Administration of the module is permitted using only validated administrative methods. These are:
l Console connection
l Web-based manager via HTTPS
l Command line interface (CLI) access via SSH
l Diffie-Hellman groups of less than 2048 bits are not used.
l Client side RSA certificates must use 2048 bit or greater key sizes.
l Only approved and allowed algorithms are used.
l IPSec VPN tunnels using AES-GCM should be configured with a key lifetime of 98,000 KB to ensure a rekey after a
maximum of 2^16 encryptions.
The module can be used in either of its two operation modes: NAT/Route or Transparent. NAT/Route mode applies
security features between two or more different networks (for example, between a private network and the Internet).
Transparent mode applies security features at any point in a network. The current operation mode is displayed on the
web-based manager status page and in the output of the get system status CLI command.
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FIPS 140-2 Compliant Operation 27
Once the FIPS validated firmware has been installed and the module properly configured in the FIPS-CC mode of
operation, the module is running in a FIPS compliant configuration. It is the responsibility of the CO to ensure the module
only uses approved algorithms and services to maintain the module in a FIPS Approved mode of operation. Using any of
the non-approved algorithms and services switches the module to a non-FIPS mode of operation.
Enabling FIPS-CC Mode
To enable the FIPS 140-2 compliant mode of operation, the operator must execute the following command from the
Local Console:
config system fips-cc
set status enable
end
The Operator is required to supply a password for the admin account which will be assigned to the Crypto Officer role.
The supplied password must be at least 8 characters long and correctly verified before the system will restart in FIPS-CC
mode.
Upon restart, the module will execute self-tests to ensure the correct initialization of the module’s cryptographic
functions.
After restarting, the Crypto Officer can confirm that the module is running in FIPS-CC mode by executing the following
command from the CLI:
get system status
If the module is running in FIPS-CC mode, the system status output will display the line:
FIPS-CC mode: enable
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Self-Tests 28
Self-Tests
Startup and Initialization Self-tests
The module executes the following self-tests during startup and initialization:
l Firmware integrity test using RSA 2048-bit signatures
l Configuration/VPN bypass test using HMAC SHA-256
l AES (128, 256 bit), CBC mode, encrypt known answer test
l AES (128, 256 bit) CBC mode, decrypt known answer test
l AES (128, 256 bit), GCM mode, encrypt known answer test
l AES (128, 256 bit), GCM mode, decrypt known answer test
l HMAC SHA-1 known answer test
l SHA-1 known answer test (tested as part of HMAC SHA-1 known answer test)
l SHA-224 known answer test (tested as part of HMAC-SHA-256 known answer test)
l HMAC SHA-256 known answer test
l SHA-256 known answer test (tested as part of HMAC SHA-256 known answer test)
l HMAC SHA-384 known answer test
l SHA-384 known answer test (tested as part of HMAC SHA-384 known answer test)
l HMAC SHA-512 known answer test
l SHA-512 known answer test (tested as part of HMAC SHA-512 known answer test)
l RSA 2048-bit signature generation known answer test
l RSA 2048-bit signature verification known answer test
l ECDSA pairwise consistency test
l DRBG known answer tests (as per SP 800-90A)
l Primitive-Z known answer test (KAS-FFC-SSC and KAS-ECC-SSC)
l IKEv1 KDF known answer test
l IKEv2 KDF known answer test
l TLS 1.1 KDF known answer test
l TLS 1.2 KDF known answer test
l SSH KDF known answer test
The results of the startup self-tests are displayed on the console during the startup process.
The startup self-tests can also be initiated on demand using the CLI command execute fips kat all(to initiate all
self-tests) or execute fips kat <test> (to initiate a specific self-test).
When the self-tests are run, each implementation of an algorithm is tested - i.e. when the AES self-test is run, all AES
implementations are tested.
Conditional Self-tests
The module executes the following conditional tests when the related service is invoked:
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Self-Tests 29
l Continuous entropy input test
l Continuous DRBG test
l RSA pairwise consistency test
l ECDSA pairwise consistency test using P-256 curve
l Configuration/VPN bypass test using HMAC SHA-256
l Firmware load test using RSA 2048-bit signatures
Critical Function Self-tests
The module also performs the following critical function self-tests applicable to the DRBG, as per NIST SP 800-90A
Section 11:
l Instantiate test
l Generate test
l Reseed test
In addition, the module also performs the following health tests on the entropy source:
l RCT (Repetition Count Test)
l APT (Adaptive Proportion Test)
l Poker test
Error State
If any of the self-tests or conditional tests fail, the module enters an error state as shown by the console output below:
Self-tests failed
Entering error mode...
The system is going down NOW !!
The system is halted.
All data output and cryptographic services are inhibited in the error state.
FIPS 140-2 Non-Proprietary Security Policy Fortinet, Inc.
Copyright© 2023 Fortinet, Inc. All rights reserved. Fortinet®, FortiGate®, FortiCare® and FortiGuard®, and certain other marks are registered trademarks of Fortinet,
Inc., in the U.S. and other jurisdictions, and other Fortinet names herein may also be registered and/or common law trademarks of Fortinet. All other product or company
names may be trademarks of their respective owners. Performance and other metrics contained herein were attained in internal lab tests under ideal conditions, and
actual performance and other results may vary. Network variables, different network environments and other conditions may affect performance results. Nothing herein
represents any binding commitment by Fortinet, and Fortinet disclaims all warranties, whether express or implied, except to the extent Fortinet enters a binding written
contract, signed by Fortinet’s General Counsel, with a purchaser that expressly warrants that the identified product will perform according to certain expressly-identified
performance metrics and, in such event, only the specific performance metrics expressly identified in such binding written contract shall be binding on Fortinet. For
absolute clarity, any such warranty will be limited to performance in the same ideal conditions as in Fortinet’s internal lab tests. In no event does Fortinet make any
commitment related to future deliverables, features, or development, and circumstances may change such that any forward-looking statements herein are not accurate.
Fortinet disclaims in full any covenants, representations,and guarantees pursuant hereto, whether express or implied. Fortinet reserves the right to change, modify,
transfer, or otherwise revise this publication without notice, and the most current version of the publication shall be applicable.